By Timothy Beckmann Chemistry 12/10/2003

1. Periodic Table Bromine By Timothy Beckmann Chemistry 12/10/2003

2. Bromine • Bromine is the only liquid nonmetallic element. It is a member of the halogen group. • It is a heavy, volatile, mobile, dangerous reddish-brown liquid. • The red vapour has a strong unpleasant odor and the vapour irritates the eyes and throat. It is a bleaching. • When spilled on the skin it produces painful sores. It is a serious health hazard, and maximum safety precautions should be taken when handling it.

3. Bromine The element was used for the preparation of certain dyes. It is also used in photographic compounds, and even a constitution antiknock fluid of fluid for lead gasoline. Bromine is also used in natural gases, and oil production. There are not many uses for the element Bromine because it is very dangerous to handle.

4. History of Bromine • . Bromine was discovered by a couple of undergraduate students in Germany in 1825 and 1826. Carl Lawiq was the first to present a jar of the liquid to his professor but credit for the discovery of Bromine was Antoine J. Balards. Hazards Bromine is toxic causing severe irritation to the membranes of the respiratory tract and the eyes Bromine is fairly reactive and powerful oxidizer bromine in a test tube

5. Physical Properties of Bromine • Symbol Br • Atomic number 35 • Atomic weight 79.904 • Density @ 293 K 3.119 g/cm3 • Atomic volume 23.5 cm3/mol • Group Halogen • Discovered 1826 • Electron config [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 Chemical Properties • Melting point 266 K • Boiling point 332.7 K • Heat of fusion 5.286 kJ/mol • Heat of vaporization 15.438 kJ/mol

6. The shell structure of bromine

7. Solid state structure of bromine

8. Pictures of Soufriere Hills Volcano And Vicinity Montserrat Volcano Observatory Detection of bromine monoxide in a volcanic plume N. BOBROWSKI*, G. HÖNNINGER*†, B. GALLE‡ & U. PLATT* * Institut für Umweltphysik, University of Heidelberg, INF 229, D69120 Heidelberg, Germany ‡ Chalmers University of Technology (CTH), S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden † Present address: Meteorological Service of Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to N.B. (Nicole.Bobrowski@iup.uni-heidelberg.de).

9. Volcanic Gases The emission of volcanic gases usually precedes eruptive activity, providing both a warning signal and an indication of the nature of the lava soon to be erupted. Additionally, volcanic emissions are a significant source of gases and particles to the atmosphere.. Despite some halogen species having been measured in volcanic fumes (mainly HCl and HF), little is known about bromine compounds and, in particular, gas-phase reactive bromine species. Such species are especially important in the stratosphere, as reactive bromine despite being two orders of magnitude less abundant than chlorine accounts for about one-third of halogen-catalysed ozone depletion. In the troposphere, bromine-catalysed complete ozone destruction has been observed to occur regularly during spring in the polar boundary layers as well as in the troposphere Dead Sea basin. Here we report observations of BrO and SO2 abundances in the plume of the Soufrière Hills volcano (Montserrat) in May 2002 by ground-based multi-axis differential optical absorption spectroscopy. Our estimate of BrO emission leads us to conclude that local ozone depletion and small ozone 'holes' may occur in the vicinity of active volcanoes, and that the amount of bromine emitted from volcanoes might be sufficiently large to play a role not only in the stratosphere, but also in tropospheric chemistry.

13. Bromine-based fire retardants Bromine-based fire retardants used in carpets, mattresses, upholstery, furniture and various electronic equipment have become suspect for causing a number of medical conditions, including hypothyroidism.

14. What is hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism develops when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones regulate your metabolism—how your body burns calories to produce energy—and influence all of your body processes, including heart rate, digestion, muscle and bone strength, and cholesterol levels. What is hyperthyroidism? Hyperthyroidism develops when the thyroid glands produces too much thyroid hormone. Thyroid hormones regulate your Metabolism—how your body burns calories to produce energy—and Influence all of your body processes, including heart rate, digestion, Muscle and bone strength, and cholesterol levels.

15. Research would have either revealed a higher bromine / iodine ratio in the plants compared to those of other regions, or that these same people possibly also consumed higher amounts of "goitrogenic" vegetables (such as lima beans, cassava, cabbage, sweet potatoes, rutabaga), which can result in depressed iodine / thyroid functions.  On average, most varieties of kelp tend to increase thyroid functions.

16. Bromine: Bromine has not been classified as being essential to human health.  However bromine - either as potassium bromide or sodium bromide - has anti-seizure properties, and it is an interesting and effective trace mineral in regards to hyperthyroid conditions.

17. New approach in Veterinary Medicine to control seizures in dogs While phenobarbital is the conventional approach in Veterinary Medicine to control seizures in dogs, some veterinary doctors started experimenting with bromides some years ago. At first, they were usedor refractory (resistant) cases, but now there are a large number of vets who are not opposed to usingeither sodium bromide or potassium bromide as a first choice over phenobarbital.

18. Canine Epilepsy For those dogs with epilepsy whose seizures are not well controlled by Pb alone, the addition of bromide can greatly improve seizure control. This often allows either a decrease or total withdrawal of Phenobarbital. There are actually two kinds of bromide -- potassium bromide and sodium bromide -- and both are equally effective at controlling seizures. Compounded with either potassium or sodium, the bromide controls the seizures. Potassium bromide is preferred when sodium intake must be restricted (e.g., congestive heart failure). Sodium bromide is preferred when potassium intake must be restricted (e.g., hyperadrenocorticism). Bromide is a very old anti-convulsant which was used in the 1800's as both an anti-convulsant and a sedative. Because it has been around for so long and is seldom used in people, it has never received FDA approval as a drug. Although it has not gonethrough the rigorous testing required for FDA approval, bromide has been used in dogs for a long time, and has proven to be reliable and safe.

19. Pictures of products contain Bromine