Prewriting-Topic

1. Prewriting-Topic Topics that are narrowed down will be more interesting because you will be able to focus on producing information that the audience might not know about Ex. Which topic might produce information the audience might be unaware of? Korean universities CAU CAU English Language and Literature Dept.>Literature / Linguistics / Language Task: Create 3 paragraph topics for each of the following by narrowing them down. Holidays Friends My country Dancing Cars

2. Prewriting-Audience • Audience refers to your readers-who they are will determine the choice of vocabulary, grammar and format Ex. Analyze the following two e-mails and note differences between them. Hey, What’s up? I’ll be heading out to that party at Bob’s on the 6th. You up for that as well? BTW I bumped into Maggie and she’s going as well. CU soon, Jim Dear Ms. Hill: I will be in Seoul on March 6th and would like to meet with you and inform you about an exciting new investment opportunity. I can meet you after 1 P.M. at your convenience. Sincerely, James Wilson Task 1: Write an e-mail to a friend asking for help in writing an essay in English. Write a second e-mail to your writing professor asking for help in writing an essay in English.

3. Prewriting-Register • Register refers to the level of formality in the choice of language. It is often determined by the audience. Task 2: Read the following passage. Rewrite using an informal register. "Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." Stephen Krashen

4. Prewriting-Brainstorming • Listing is one way to brainstorm. Create a list of as many ideas as you can without stopping to consider how they will be used Ex. Topic: Subjects to study in college History-learning about the past Math (too boring?) Job? Travel? Writing Science-physics, biology I don’t like blood! Reading-history Art-drawing, sculpture Studying Friends Task: Choose one topic from the Prewriting-Topictask on Slide 1 and list as many ideas as you can in 5 minutes

5. Prewriting-Brainstorming • Cluster diagrams is useful for visual learners. It starts with a general idea in the center of the page. Generated ideas become more specific the further you move from the center Ex. Topic: value of college education

6. Prewriting-Brainstorming • Freewritingisanother brainstorming technique. You write as fast as you are able without paying attention to accuracy. And remember-there is no such thing as a bad idea at this point in the writing process!!! Ex. Topic = Kandinsky and Spirituality Since reading and thinking about Kand and Theos. Branched off in somany ways, I have learned and experience a lot as a result - but not wtoward my paper. & so...- I don't even want to think about K anymore becuase I don't know where to start....which makes it terribly difficultt o get a good paper together. Kandinsky's interest in spirituality largely defines his idea s of the role and fuctions of ar tand artest. His spiritual influences include Although primarily associate with the spiritual influence of Theosophy, K was never a member of the Theos. Soc. Nor did he claim to be a theosophist. Was probably more infl. by M. Blua, but his writings indicate other aspirations.Implicitly and explicitly. A wide range of other inspirations and influences. K;s eclectic incorporation of sourceds into his own ideas, decontextualizing and reworking them to serve his purpsoe, reflect his [dictum?] that art must have absolutte freedom so that the artist may express his "inner need" the ends justify the means, so to speak. See it through his art and artists around him too. Mondrian, , Malevich, and people like Hegel. It's also making me think about ideas of spirituality - re-opening my mind to the concept, and not necc. Religions.

7. Paragraphs-Sample Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. First of all, gold has a lustrous beauty that is resistant to corrosion. Therefore, it is suitable for jewelry, coins, and ornamental purposes. Gold never needs to be polished and will remain beautiful forever. For example, a Macedonian coin remains as untarnished today as the day it was made 25 centuries ago. Another important characteristic of gold is its usefulness to industry and science. For many years, it has been used in hundreds of industrial applications, such as photography and dentistry. The most recent use of gold is in astronauts’ suits. Astronauts wear gold-plated heat shields for protection when they go outside spaceships in space. In conclusion, gold is treasured not only for its beauty but also for its utility. What is the topic of the paragraph? What two main points does the writer make about the topic? In which two sentences does the writer say that there are two main points? What examples does the writer use to support each point? After answering the above questions, can you explain the structure of a paragraph to a partner? Here’s a hint. A paragraph consists of: A. B. C.

8. Paragraphs-Topic Sentences Topic sentences-All paragraphs have them and in this course they will always be the first sentence in a paragraph-a topic sentences contains the topic and the controlling idea that limits the topic to the specific area to be discussed-it is a general statement and gives no specific ideas-must be a complete sentence with a subject and verb Ex. Gold, a precious metal, is prized for two important characteristics. TOPIC CONTROLLING IDEA Task: Read the following scrambled paragraph. Decide which sentence is the topic sentence. Then put the rest of the sentences in a logical order. In time, this melted part rises as magma. The formation of a volcanic eruption is a dramatic series of events. As the plate sinks, friction and Earth’s heat cause part of it to melt. The magma produces heat, steam, and pressure. First of all, most volcanoes are formed where two plates collide. Then one of the plates is forced under the other and sinks. When the heat, steam, and pressure from the magma finally reach the surface of Earth, a volcanic eruption occurs.

9. Paragraphs-Supporting Sentences • You must Support your ideas with facts, quotations, and statistics • Facts are objective pieces of information and should be used in support of an academic writer’s subjective opinion-however, what is often considered as fact should be verified with proof Ex. Opinion-Photographs of ultrathin fashion models send the wrong message to girls and young women. Fact/Needs Proof-Fashion models are unnaturally thin. Specific Supporting Detail-The average model weighs 25 percent less than the average woman of the same height. Task: Identify the following sentences as Opinion, Fact, or Fact/Needs Proof. • People who steal identities do a lot of damage before their victims becomeaware of it.___ • Punishment for identity thieves is not severe enough.___ • Last year, the losses of victims totaled more than $7 billion.___ • Identity theft is more serious than any other type of theft.___ • Identity theft is increasing at a rapid pace.___ • In 2000, 31,000 cases of identity theft were reported; in 2003, the number was 210,000.___

10. Paragraphs-Supporting Sentences2. Quotations from reliable sources are good supporting details-they can be directand report another person’s exact words enclosed in quotation marks or indirectwhere another person’s ideas are reported without quotation marks-common reporting verbs include: assert, claim, declare, state, say, and report. REMEMBER!!! They only support main pointsSample: Topic Sentence- The increased use of computers in business has been accompanied by a costly increase in computer crime. Main Point A-Computer criminals cost business a lot of money. Quotation-”The financial losses to business from computer thefts will exceed $ 25 billion in 2005.” Main Point B-Computer criminals steal not only money but also information. Quotation-”It is not just money they steal; they steal data, and data is power.” Source-(1) Bruce, Meredith (2004). Cybercrime. The increased use of computers in business has been accompanied by a costly increase in computer crime. The losses to victims of computer crimes are very high. In her book Cybercrime, author Meredith Bruce claimed that the financial losses to business from computer thefts would exceed $25 billion in 2005 (1). Computer criminals steal not only money but also information. For example, they steal confidential business records customer lists, and corporate plans. As Bruce stated, “It is not just the money they steal; they steal data, and data is power” (1).

11. Paragraphs-Supporting Sentences 3. Statistics Sample: World population Growth According to statistics from the Population Reference Bureau, the world’s population is increasing at a geometric rate. World population first reached 1 billion back in 1804. It took 123 years for it to reach 2 billion in 1927, By 1960, a period of just 32 years, it had added another billion. Just 15 years later, we were at 4 billion, 12 years later at 5 billion, and 11 years after that at 6 billion. The United Nations has projected an increase to 9 billion by the year 2050. Task 1: Make a chart reflecting the statistics in the paragraph above. -- -- -- -- -- |----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------| 1750 2150

12. Paragraphs-Supporting Sentences Task 2: Write a paragraph using the statistics from the graph below.

13. Paragraphs-Unity/Coherence-Transition Signals

14. Paragraphs-Unity/Coherence-Transition Signals

15. Paragraphs-Unity/CoherenceSample: Relevance-all sentences related to topic Repetition of key nouns Synonyms Pronouns are consistent Transition signals show progression of ideas Logical presentation of ideas in order A Leap Year Custom Lives On No one knows for certain the origin of the custom that allows women to propose on Leap Day. Leap Day is February 29th, the extra day added every four years to put the calendar year in synch with the solar year. One explanation for the custom comes from Ireland. According to Irish legend, Saint Brigid, an Irish holy woman who lived in the fifth century, complained to Saint Patrick about women having to wait for men to propose. Saint Patrick agreed that this practice was unfair, so he decided that eager females could propose on this one day. A different explanation of the custom comes from medieval England. According to this explanation, people there thought that because Leap Day existed to fix a problem in the calendar, it could also be used to fix an old and unjust practice. ..

16. Essays-Sample Native American Influences on Modern U.S. Culture When the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American (NA) peoples of North America. NAs, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about the strange European manners and customs as the Europeans were curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. NAs adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, NAs have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, and food. First of all, NAs left a permanent mark on the English language. The early English-speaking settlers borrowed from several different NA languages words for places in this native land. All across the country are cities, towns, rivers, and states with NA names. For example, the states of Delaware, Iowa, and Illinois are names after NA tribes, as are the cities of Chicago, Miami, and Spokane. In addition to place names, English adopted from various NA languages the words for animals and plants found in the Americas. Chipmunk, raccoon, and tobacco are just a few examples. Also, U.S. art has been influenced by NA culture. First, wool rugs woven by women of the Navajo tribe are highly valued works in the U.S. Secondly, NA jewelry made from silver and turquoise is also very popular and expensive. Lastly, NA crafts such as pottery, leather products, and beadwork are a treasured part of U.S. culture.

17. Essays-Sample In addition to language and art, agriculture is another area in which NAs had a great and lasting influence on the peoples who arrived here from other countries. Being skilled farmers, the NAs of North America taught the newcomers many things about farming techniques and crops. Every U.S. child has heard the story of how NAs taught the first settlers to place a dead fish in a planting hole to provide fertilizer for the growing plant. Furthermore, they taught the settlers irrigation methods and crop rotation. Many of the foods people in the U.S. eat today were introduced to the Europeans by NAs. For example, corn and chocolate were unknown in Europe. Now they are staples in the U.S.diet. Introductions • Introductions progress from general statements to specific Thesis Statements-Think of the shape of a funnel:

18. Essays-Introductions-Types • Dramatic, interesting, or funny story/anecdote • Surprising statistics or facts • Historical background Task: Identify the introductory techniques in the following paragraphs. What technique was utilized in the sample essay introduction? Making goals for myself and working towards them keeps me on my toes and makes my life interesting. For example, I love the ocean, so I decided to learn how to scuba dive with the eventual goal of becoming a part-time scuba diving instructor. I have also begun looking into going back to school so I can create a long-term career for myself. My plan to find a career for myself is to finish school, prepare a resume, and then search for jobs. The Canadian bilingual debate has been going on for over 100 years, and it continues today. Although Canadians outside of Quebec agree that Francophones should be able to receive federal services outside of Quebec in their own language, surveys show that the majority do not personally favor bilingualism for all of Canada. However, overall public support for two official languages continues to be strong with over 70% of Canadians showing support for citizens receiving federal services in the language that they speak. Clearly, bilingualism is a policy that needs to be kept, but it also requires some “revamping” at the federal, provincial and local levels.

19. Essays-Introductions-Thesis Statements • A Thesis Statement is the last sentence in the introduction-it will show the organizational pattern of the essay-in this course we will construct detailed thesis statements-ex. Contrast the following with the thesis statement from the sample essay: NAs have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture. Task:Rewrite the following to add more detail: • Successful language learners must have an extensive knowledge of many language areas. • A college education is a good investment. • Lasers are very useful. • Athletes can avoid sports injuries by taking precautions. • Students have a difficult time in class for a number of reasons. • Culture shock has a number of causes.

20. Essays-Conclusions • Conclusions summarize main body points and restate the thesis of the essay-remember to PARAPHRASE-do not use language identical to that used in the body or introduction of the essay • As well, other techniques can be employed in conjunction to the above: • Make a prediction We have seen how the costs of attending college have been rising, while at the same time, sources of financial aid for students have been disappearing. If this trend continues, fewer and fewer families will be able to send their children through four years of college. • Suggest results To sum up, the costs of attending college are up and financial aid for students is down. Fewer and fewer future members of the workforce are able to educate themselves beyond high school. As a result, the nation will waste the intelligence, imagination, and energy of a large segment of the present college-age generation. • Suggest solution, make recommendation, or call for action It is clear that the U.S. system of higher education is in trouble. For many students, four years of college is no longer possible because of increasing costs and decreasing financial aid. To reverse this trend, we must demand that government increase its financial support of colleges and universities and restore financial aid programs. Our future depends on it. Task: Write a matching introduction for these conclusions.

21. Essays-Conclusions-Compare the introduction from the sample essay to one possible conclusionTask: What concluding techniques are used here? Write another conclusion using other concluding techniques. • Native American Influences on Modern U.S. Culture-Intro When the first Europeans came to the North American continent, they encountered the completely new cultures of the Native American (NA) peoples of North America. NAs, who had highly developed cultures in many respects, must have been as curious about the strange European manners and customs as the Europeans were curious about them. As always happens when two or more cultures come into contact, there was a cultural exchange. NAs adopted some of the Europeans’ ways, and the Europeans adopted some of their ways. As a result, NAs have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, and food. • Native American Influences on Modern U.S. Culture-Conclusion In conclusion, we can easily see from these few examples the extent of NA influence on our language, art forms, and our eating habits. The people of the U.S. are deeply indebted to NAs for their contributions to U.S. culture.

22. Problem/Solution Essays-Sample Energy Sources: A Dilemma for the Twenty-First Century Everyone has come to expect that reliable sources of energy will be available forever. Cars are driven wherever and whenever they are wanted. When the gas tank gets low, drivers simply pull into the nearest gas station. At home, the nearest appliance is simply turned on whenever there is a need to change the temperature, prepare food, listen to music, or watch TV. What is the source of all this energy that is used so carelessly? In most of the world, energy is created by burning fossil fuels-coal, natural gas, and oil. The problem is that these resources are finite. At the current rate of use, by the year 2080, the world’s supply of oil will be almost gone. That means that for anyone under the age of forty, the day will probably come when there will not be enough gasoline for cars or electricity for appliances. The three most commonly proposed solutions to this worldwide problem are increasing the efficiency of appliances and vehicles, improving conservation efforts, and finding alternative energy sources. The first solution, increasing the efficiency of appliances and vehicles, is something that manufacturers have been working on for three decades. For instance, televisions now use 65 to 75 percent less electricity than they did in the 1970s, refrigerators use 20 to 30 percent less electricity, and cars need less gas to travel more miles. Unfortunately, there are so many more televisions, refrigerators, and cars in the world now that overall consumption continues to rise.

23. Problem/Solution Essays-Sample Energy Sources: A Dilemma for the Twenty-First Century Thesis Statement: The three most commonly proposed solutions to this worldwide problem are increasing the efficiency of appliances and vehicles, improving conservation efforts, and finding alternative energy sources. Another solution to the dangerous energy situation is to improve conservation efforts. For example, everyone must get in the habit of recycling whenever they can. High-efficiency light bulbs have to be installed in houses and offices and lights must be turned off when not in use. It would also help if people biked, walked, carpooled, or used public transportation more and used cars less. Unfortunately, improvements in both conservation and efficiency are only temporary solutions. They extend the useful life of current fuels, but they do not explain what will be done when these fossil fuels run out.

24. Problem/Solution Essays-Sample Energy Sources: A Dilemma for the Twenty-First Century Thesis Statement: The three most commonly proposed solutions to this worldwide problem are increasing the efficiency of appliances and vehicles, improving conservation efforts, and finding alternative energy sources. The best solution, then, is to find alternative sources of energy to meet future needs. The current leading alternatives to fossil fuels are fusion and solar energy. Fusion is a nuclear reaction that results in an enormous release of energy. It is practically pollution-free and is probably the best long-range option. Unfortunately, it will not be available for at least twenty years. The other possible energy source, solar power, is the source of all energy, except nuclear, on Earth. When people think of solar energy, they generally think of the many ways that individual homeowners can utilize the power of the sun for heating water and buildings. However, solar energy can also be utilized to generate electricity and to purify fuels for automobiles.

25. Problem/Solution Essays-Sample Energy Sources: A Dilemma for the Twenty-First Century Thesis Statement: The three most commonly proposed solutions to this worldwide problem are increasing the efficiency of appliances and vehicles, improving conservation efforts, and finding alternative energy sources. It is clear that in order to have sufficient energy resources for the twenty-first century, it will be necessary to pursue the development and encourage the use of alternative energy sources worldwide. If we ignore this problem, what will become of future generations? What will life be like for them in the year 2050?

26. Problem/Solution Essays-Essay Plan Introduction • Describe the problem and state why it is serious • Write a thesis statement that identifies possible solutions Supporting Paragraphs • Discuss one solution in each supporting paragraph • Provide details to explain each solution • Organize the paragraphs according to order of importance Conclusion • Summarize the solutions • Draw a conclusion or a make a prediction based on your suggestions

27. Problem/Solution Essays-Outlining • Outlines help writers to organize and plan their writing in a logical manner: • Roman numerals I, II, and III number the major sections of an essay (introduction, body, and conclusion) • Capital letters A, B, C, and D label the body paragraphs • Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3, and 4 number sub points in each paragraph • Small letters a, b, c, and d label specific supporting details Example: NA Influences on Modern U.S. Culture • Introduction Thesis Statement: As a result, NAs have made many valuable contributions to modern U.S. culture, particularly in the areas of language, art, and food. II. Body • Native American left a permanent mark on the English language • Names of places-cities, towns, rivers, states • States: Delaware, Iowa, Illinois, Alabama • Cities: Chicago, Miami, Spokane 2. Names of animals and plants • Animals: chipmunk, moose, raccoon, skunk • Plants: tobacco, squash Task: Outline NA Influences on Modern U.S. Culture/Energy Sources: A Dilemma for the Twenty-First Century

28. Problem/Solution Essays-Scenarios Task: Write 3 solutions for each of the following problems: • Culture shock • Insomnia • Stress at work or school • Overpopulation • Illiteracy • Getting people to recycle Task 2:Write an outline for one of the above

29. Plagiarism-Example THE ORIGINAL PASSAGEThis book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition. As Hannah Arendt explains, her book was “written against a backdrop of both reckless optimism and reckless despair.”(1) The book “holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal . . . .”(1)When material is quoted word-for-word, a footnote alone is insufficient. The material that represents a direct quotation must be put within quotation marks.

30. Plagiarism-Example THE ORIGINAL PASSAGEThis book has been written against a background of both reckless optimism and reckless despair. It holds that Progress and Doom are two sides of the same medal; that both are articles of superstition, not of faith. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1973 ed.), p.vii, Preface to the First Edition. Hannah Arendt’s book, The Origins of Totalitarianism, was written in the light of both excessive hope and excessive pessimism (1). Her thesis is that both Advancement and Ruin are merely different sides of the same coin (1). Even if the author’s exact language is not used, a footnote is required for material that is paraphrased.

31. Plagiarism-Avoid by Paraphrasing A paraphrase is... • Your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form • One legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).

32. Plagiarism-Avoid by Paraphrasing Directions: On a separate piece of paper, write a paraphrase of each of the following passages. Try not to look back at the original passage. 1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17. • Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.

33. Referencing-Citation Formats Books-CITATION FORMATS Author, A. A. (1996). Title of book. City: Publisher. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1996). Title of book: Subtitle of book. City, ST: Publisher. EXAMPLE CITATION Webb, C. D. (1992). A theoretical basis for Pig Latin semiotics. New Haven, CT: Bayside. Journals-CITATION FORMATS Author, A. A. (1996). Title of journal article. Title of journal, volume number, first page-last page. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (1996). Title of journal article: Subtitle of journal article. Title of journal, volume number, first page-last page.   EXAMPLE CITATIONS Almeida, L. (1990). Morphological differences between American and Brazilian Pig Latin constructions. Piggiotica, 13, 946-987. Cruise, T., & Kidman, N. (1995). Divergent Pig Latin formation in egocentric dyslexic males: One possible explanation. Pig Latin neurolinguistics, 9, 125-180.

34. Referencing-Activity Internet-CITATION FORMATS Author, A. A. (1996). Title of electronic text [E-text type]. Location of document       EXAMPLE CITATION Bacon, H. P. (1996 or N.D.). The pig pen: Frequently asked questions about Pig Latin [WWW page]. URLhttp://www.hamnet.org/pigfaqs.html Correct the Following Citations • Caldwell, Martin, & Briggs, Emily S. (1993). Appreciating the importance of proper articulation in Pig Latin multimedia materials. Ajo, AZ: Ajo University Press. • Duckworth, V. L. (1978). A series of checklists for evaluating Pig Latin performance. Logical Form in Education, 9, 110-115. • Pig Latin pronunciation in North and South Korea. By Hong, J., & Leung, M. X. Seoul, Korea: Korean Association of Language Educators, 1994. • Jesperson, R., & Shaw, U. P. (1995). Anticipatory stress in Pig Latin phonetics: Overexplaining the obvious. Pig Latin colloquium, 3, 89-113. • Eisenstein, Y., Shomking, L., & Hennys, L. E. (1992). Schema-building in the Pig Latin classroom: Re-creating the world. Pig ped: Pig Latin teaching, 26 (2), 34-56. •  Unwin, R., & Pinkersh, E. D. (1996). Mistakes and errors: Paying the price of an effective Pig Latin education. Bristol, England: Tyrth and Sons. £12.50.

35. Referencing-Activity (Cont’d) 7. Grendel, B. W. (1905). A Brief Introduction to Pig Latin Philology. New York: Hrothgar House. 8. Gruber, J. M. (1983). "Understanding the Pig Latin/Pig Pidgin continuum." Language learning, 2, 244-306. 9. Glet, P. I. (1997). Communication games for the public school Pig Latin classroom. Pig Latin E-Newsletter [On-line serial], 6. Available E-mail: plen@ubds.edu Message: get PLEN 10. Bates, M., Eponymus, N. N., & Quincy, T. C. (1988). A dynamic model of Pig Latin evolution. Toronto, Canada: Libraphobe 11. Fernandez, S. J., & Garcia, O. P. (1979). Pig Latin in the Yucatan: Creating connections between cultures. Mexico City, Mexico: Mayan Research Institute. 276 pp. 12. Sidlecki, W., & Yertz, M. M. (1989). Getting the Sounds on Paper: Transcribing Pig Latin Using Simplified IPA. Sound and language, 16, 99-108.