The Respiratory System

1. Chapter 23 The Respiratory System

2. Functions • Area of gas exchange between air and circulating blood • Producing sounds for communication

3. Components of the Respiratory System

4. Respiratory Defense System • Goblet cells and mucous glands produce a thick mucous to bathe exposed surfaces • This traps foreign particles • Cilia “sweep” the mucous and trapped debris to the pharynx where it will be swallowed, this is called the “mucous elevator” • Mucous production stimulated by exposure to vapors, allergens, pathogens….

5. Organization of the Respiratory System • 2 major divisions • Upper • Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and pharynx • Lower • Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli of lungs

6. The Upper Respiratory System • The Nose and Nasal Cavity • Primary entrance for air • Enters the external naresornostrils which opens up to the nasal cavity • Hairs: trap large airborne particles and prevent from entering the cavity • Nasal Septum separates the nasal cavity into Right/Left halves • Superior, Middle, Inferior Nasal Concha separate into meatuses which cleanse, warm and filter air • Nasopharynx is the junction between the nasal cavity and the Pharynx

8. The Upper Respiratory System • Pharynx • Chamber shared by digestive and respiratory tracts • 3 divisions • Nasopharynx • Superior portion • Connects nasal cavity to the pharynx • Oropharynx • Boundary between Nasopharynx and Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx • Entrance of larynx and esophagus

10. The Lower Respiratory System • Larynx • Air leaves the Pharynx and enters the Larynx through the glottis • Made of 3 large pieces of cartilage • Thyroid Cartilage • Cricoid Cartilage • Epiglottis

11. The Lower Respiratory System • Larynx • Thyroid Cartilage • Largest • Known as the “Adam’s apple” • Cricoid Cartilage • Ring shaped • Protect the entrance to the trachea • Epiglottis • Forms a lid or flap over the glottis of the Larynx • Closes during swallowing prevents food from entering the lungs

12. Sound produced at the vocal folds

14. Trachea

15. The Lower Respiratory System • Laryngeal Problems: • Aspiration: weakening of the epiglottis • Choking on food • Common with elderly

16. The Lower Respiratory System • Trachea • Aka windpipe • Starts at the end of the Larynx and ends at the branching to form the Right and Left Primary Bronchi • Has several tracheal cartilage rings • Stiffens to protect airway from collapse or overexpansion

18. The Lower Respiratory System • The Bronchial Tree • Primary Bronchi • First branching towards right or left lungs • Secondary Bronchi • Branching entering each lung • Right lung= 3 • Left lung = 2 • Tertiary Bronchi • 10 additional branching segments in each lung • Bronchioles • Multiple passageways connect to alveolar ducts

20. The lower Respiratory System • Alveoli are the structures in which gas exchange occurs • About 150 million per lung • Covered with capillaries • Vessels carrying deoxygenated blood transport it to the capillaries found on the alveoli where CO2 is exchanged with O2

21. Right Lung—3 lobesLeft Lung—2 lobes

23. Day 2

24. Pulmonary Ventilation • Physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract. • Air moves in and out due to pressure changes

25. Respiratory Tract • Divided into a conducting portion and a respiratory portion • Conducting portion=from the entrance down to the terminal bronchioles • Respiratory portion=respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

26. Inhalation (Inspiration) • Diaphragm contracts • Moves down • Rib cage relaxes • Moves out • Pressure decreases • Air rushes in

27. Exhalation (Expiration) • Diaphragm relaxes • Moves up • Rib cage contracts • Moves in • Pressure increases • Air pushed out

28. Day 3

29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhtArz6fl10&feature=related

30. Respiration rate • Number of breaths you take each minute • Normal adult resting=12-18 breaths/minute • Children=18-20 breaths/minute

31. Tidal Volume • Air moves from an area of high pressure  lower pressure • 1 Respiration cycle: inspiration and expiration • Tidal Volume: amount of air moving into or out of lungs during 1 cycle

32. Inspiratory Reserve Volume • Amount of air you can voluntarily inhale after you have completed a normal respiration cycle Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

33. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) • Amount of air you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal respiration cycle

34. Residual Volume • Amount of air that remains in your lungs even after a maximal exhalation • Typical =1200mL in males, 1100mL in females

35. Vital Capacity • Maximum amount of air you can move into or out of your lungs in 1 single respiration cycle

36. Total Lung Capacity • Total volume of your lungs • Sum of tidal and residual • Typically 6000mL in males, 4200mL in females

38. Regulation of Breathing • Acidity of your blood increases as the amount of CO2 increases When you work out your body increases the breathing rates to decrease the amount of acidity

39. Asthma • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S04dci7NTPk&NR=1 • Pneumonia • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWQ14x1URXo&feature=related