SAFETY AND SECURITY IN AIR TRANSPORTATION

1. SAFETY AND SECURITY IN AIR TRANSPORTATION BY P M SIVADAS (01301408)

2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Aviation Safety Record • Design for Safety • Accident Survivability • Post Sept 9-11 Security Initiatives • Flight safety scenario in india • Conclusion

3. AVIATION SAFETY RECORD

4. How safe is commercial flight? • No other form of transportation is as scrutinized, investigated and monitored as commercial aviation. • Public perception of safety is focused on the absolute safety record rather than the relative one. • Air accidents generally receive relatively wide publicity due to deaths of political, sports and entertainment figures • It enjoys a good safety record, as can be derived from relative safety standards. • You are nineteen times safer in a plane than in a car. • In fact, based on this incredible safety record, if you did fly every day of your life, probability indicates that it would take you nineteen thousand years before you would succumb to a fatal accident.

5. Number of Accidental Deaths Per Year By Cause • 100 on commercial flight • 850 by electrical current • 1000 on a bicycle • 1452 by accidental gunfire • 3000 by complications to medical procedures • 3600 by inhaling or ingesting objects • 5000 by fire • 5000 by drowning • 5300 by accidental poisoning • 8000 as pedestrians • 11,000 at work • 12,000 by falls • 22,500 at home • 46,000 in auto accidents SOURCES: Bureau of Safety Statistics,National Transportation Safety Board

6. Odds of Death • Cardiovascular disease: 1 in 2 • Smoking (by/before age 35): 1 in 600 • Car trip, coast-to-coast: 1 in 14,000 • Bicycle accident: 1 in 88,000 • Tornado: 1 in 450,000 • Train, coast-to-coast: 1 in 1,000,000 • Lightning: 1 in 1.9 million • Bee sting: 1 in 5.5 million • U.S. commercial jet airline: 1 in 7 million Sources: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of California at Berkeley

7. IMPRESSIVE SAFETY RECORD • Commercial large jet transport aircraft • Lowest global accident rate of all transport vehicles • 20 fold reduction in last three decades • from 27 to 1.5 per million departures • Average 33 % reduction during last decade • No fatalities by US carriers in 1998 • 616 million passengers • No accidents in 600 airlines during 1987-1996

8. HULL LOSS--World Wide Jet FleetAccidents by Primary Cause (%) Causes 1988-97 Human error 70.5 Airplane 10.0 Weather 5.0 Maintenance 6.0 Airport/ATC 3.0 Misc 5.5 Total 100.0

9. HULL LOSS and /or Fatal Accidents(By phase of Flight) (%) Phase 1990-99 Taxi ` 8 Take off 14 Climb 13 Cruise 6 Descent 5 Approach 13 Landing 41 5% flight time accounts for ~80% of the accidents

12. DESIGN FOR SAFETY

13. Design for Safety • Design Features that enhance safety • Avoiding Pilot traps • Maintanance safety • Aircraft design

14. What is a Pilot Trap ? A Cockpit or design feature that tends to confuse pilots and “sucker” them into making inappropriate decisions Alex Paterson Former Airline Pilot

15. Aviation Disasters • Mostly attributed to Pilot Error • Culmination of chain of events • Deadly combination of insignificant events • Loss in Crew Situational Awareness • Poor aircraft system & cockpit design is a factor • Philosophy of good aircraft design • Avoid Pilot Traps • Accept Murphy’s law

16. Tips to avoid Pilot Traps • Keep It Simple ! • Pilots should always • Look where the action is • Monitor/double check all actions • Receive continuous feedback • Take all operating decisions • Computers should aid, not replace Pilots • Use computers for monotonous tasks • Don’t automate everything

17. KIS • Keep It Simple • Good Ergonomics • Easier to remember ops. of a simple system • Especially during emergencies • Less no. of steps in Emergency Drills • N steps  N chances of errors

18. Look where the action is ! • Focus of Pilots’ eyes • Flight Instruments and/or Cockpit window • During an Emergency • Both pilots monitor Flight Instruments • Especially during IMC • One Pilot to solely monitor flight path • After stabilization, one pilot may look down • No scope for crosschecking of emergency drills

19. Problems with EFIS • Central Control Panel • Performance Data Computers • Navigation Computers • Crew Alert Systems & their controls • Resetting various parameters • Divert pilots’ attention away from Main Instrument Panel and Cockpit Window

20. Feedback on aircraft behavior • Sight and Sound are primary senses • Tactile inputs and feedback compliment • Movement, Feel and response of controls • Provide confidence-inspiring redundancy • Especially when pilots attention is elsewhere • Artificial Feel in automated FCS

21. Machine & Human Synergy • Use Machines for monitoring tasks • Aircraft Systems, Pilot performance • Provide audio & visual alerts • e.g. Stall Warning, ILS, GPWS, TCAS • Use humans for decision making • Humans can assess & react to change • Over-riding mechanism for human intervention • e.g. in Autopilot

22. Stall Prevention • What is Stalling • Losing lift at high AOA • Why prevent stall ? • Avoid entry into a spin • What is a spin ? • Nose-Down, circular-rotating manoeuvre • Difficult to recover from

23. Avoidance of stall/spin accidents • Stall Warning Indicators (aural + visual) • Stick Shaker / Pusher • Improve spin recovery by better tail design • Make aircraft spin proof • Buffeting airflow over tail • Increase stick-force required with AOA • Project AOA data on windshield or HUD

25. Avoidance of stall/spin accidents • Stall Warning Indicators (aural + visual) • Stick Shaker / Pusher • Improve spin recovery by better tail design • Make aircraft spin proof • Buffeting airflow over tail • Increase stick-force required with AOA • Project AOA data on windshield or HUD

26. Flight Instruments and Equipment • Angle of Attack Indicator • Takeoff Speed indicator • Provision of HUD • Automatic Airspeed Bug adjustment

27. Benefits of Take-off Speed Indicator • 25% of all stalls/spins occur at Takeoff • Accidents due to premature liftoff • Provide a clear signal of readiness for TO • Improved short-field performance • Compensate for actual Takeoff weight • Principle • Sense dynamic pressure for mass flow of air required for safe lift off

28. Airspeed Bug Adjustment • Colored pointer on ASI • Reminder of important speeds e.g. V2, Vref • Current Design • Manually set by pilots with flap change • Remedy • Should be set automatically to Vref • Knob with facility for dialing speed additive • Data from computers for flap configuration

29. Design features that enhance safety • Good all-round visibility • Impact resistant windshield • Crashworthy structure • Restricted elevator travel • Tapered wing for better aileron response • Inertia switch to cut off electrical system • Shrouded propeller • Ram air turbine for emergency LG extension • Control surface locks located in cockpit • Distinctive shape and colors for control knobs

30. Improvements to Cabin Safety Examples of advancements in cabin safety: • Seat cushions:. • Floor lighting:. • Lavatory smoke detectors: • Halon fire extinguishers: • Improved interior materials: • Cargo compartment fire detection/suppression: • Thermal/acoustic insulation: • 16G seats: • Overhead bins: • Child safety:

31. CRASH SURVIVABILITY

32. Regional Impact Forces Known to Cause Disability or Bone Fracture Body Area Force Duration • Head 180 G/57 G 0.002 sec/.02 sec • Nose 30 G * • Eyeballs 20 G 0.1 sec • Teeth 100 G * • Jaw 40 G * • Brain 20 G 0.1 sec 60 G .02 sec 100 G .005sec `` *Duration figures not available. (from Crash Survival Investigator's School, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona).

33. Crash Survivability • The Components of Survivability • C = Container (Penetration of objects} • R = Restraints (No loose straping) • E = Environment (No pyrolyzation products and quick exit) • E = Energy absorption (Honeycomb,stroking seats and metal shock absorbers) • P = Postcrash factors (Mainly fire,crashworthy fuel system to prevent atomisation and spillage of fuel) • However this is subject to the ‘g’ forces, which is dependent on the speed and stopping distances.

34. POST SEPT 9/11 SECURITY INITIATIVES

35. Events of 11 September 2001 • Hijacked aircraft as a potent weapon • Exposed shortcomings in • Aircraft Design • Operational Procedures • Aviation Security

36. Recommendations for Aircraft Security • Goals • Deter hijack plan • Make Hijacking difficult, expensive, undesirable • Deny / Delay access to the flight deck • Allow time to take protective measures • Recover control • Provide aggressive crew response • Video images from the cockpit

37. Conclusions of Rapid Response Team • Installation of flight deck barrier device • Procedural changes for identification & access of personnel to flight deck • Redesign Security training • Provide Govt. Security advisories to crew-members • Continuous transmission of transponder signals • Improved procedures in pilot training to prevent hijacking • Remove opportunities to plant explosives or other weapons in the non-sterile area of airport terminals

38. Flight Deck Door Design:Current Practice • Doors designed for crew privacy, not safety • Rapid decompression should not cause failure • Ease in flight crew rescue and emergency exit • Cannot withstand forceful entry • blunt force or ballistics • fragmentation or other explosive effects

39. Flight Deck Door Design:Recommendations • Installation of a barrier device to deny access • Deadbolt, Crossbar, Net, Barrier device • Strengthening by improved design • locking, hinge, door handle, door frame integrity • Using specialized materials • mitigate the catastrophic effects from ballistic, fragmentation, and explosives devices attacks • Controlling unauthorized flight deck access • Use of Mantraps

40. Revamping ofAirport Security System • Federal Program and Grants for • Air marshals • Strengthening airport security • Management of security & Screening devices • Augmentation of security by national guards

41. Conclusions of Rapid Response Team • New Federal agency for airport Pax. screening • Share law enforcement & intelligence info. • New technologies for aviation security program • Strengthen screening and security procedures • Expedite Pax. Screening • Voluntary pre-screening • Issue Smart Credentials

42. FLIGHT SAFETY SCENARIO IN INDIA

43. MEASURES TAKEN FOR FLIGHT SAFETY IN INDIA • Continuous analyses of the digital flight data recorder • Confidential reporting and non-punitive systems especially by pilots can help prevent accidents • All the airlines flying through India would install aircraft-collision avoidance system (A-CAS) • Airports Authority of India has decided to increase the runway lengths from 6,000 feet to 7,500 feet for jet aircraft. • Installations of secondary surveillance air route radar at Delhi, Calcutta, Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati Thiruvananthapuram. Nagpur, Varanasi and Jharsuguda would help cover the entire air route. By 2000, all the radars were inter-linked, enabling ATC to examine position of an aircraft more efficiently. • English made mandatory for Cockpit Communication • Subscription toCARE(Continuous airworthiness risk evaluation)

44. Top 10 Airline Safety Tips • Fly on Nonstop Routings • Choose Larger Aircraft • Pay Attention to the Preflight Briefing • Keep the Overhead Storage Bin Free of Heavy Articles • Keep Your Seat Belt Fastened While You are Seated • Listen to the Flight Attendants • Don't Bring Any Hazardous Material • Let the Flight Attendant Pour Your Hot Drinks • Don't Drink Too Much • Keep Your Wits About You

45. CONCLUSION • Air transport is expected to grow substantially in the coming decades. • It enjoys a good safety record, as can be derived from relative safety standards. • Public perception of safety is focused on the absolute safety record rather than the relative one. • Design improvements are being devised to increase accident survivability. • The incidents on Sept 11 has brought about a radical change in perception of Safety and Security in Air Transport.

46. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • Aviation Safety Record • Presentation on Human Factors in Aviation by Mr. P S Ganapathy • Avoiding Pilot Traps by Good Design • http:www/vision/net.au/~apaterson/aviation/aircraft_design.htm • Design for Safety • Design for Safety by David Thurston, Tab Books, McGraw Hill, USA • Post 9-11 Aircraft & Airport Security Initiatives • http://www.dot.gov/affairs/aircraftspec.htm

47. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • http://www.dot.gov/affairs/airportspec.htm • why Aeroplanes crash : Aviation safety in the changing world • By Clinton V Master, John S Strong, C Kurt Zorn • Crash Survivability http://www.vnh.org/FSManual.htm • Human Tolerance limits http://www.vnh.org/FSManual.htm • How to Survive an air crash • The Sunday Mirror newspaper 12 June 1999 • Web site : //fly.to/rak • Top 10 Airline Safety tips websitehttp://www.airsafecom