Air Transportation

1. Air Transportation

2. Objectives • History of Air transportation • Lighter than air • Hot air balloons • Air paths • Components/physics of an airplane • Helicopters • Impact of avaition

3. Aircraft • Aircraft are air transportation vehicles. They include lighter-than-air or heavier-than-air aircraft. • Lighter-than-air – balloons, blimps, dirigibles. • Heavier-than-air – airplanes, helicopters, gliders. • Aviation is the term used to describe all air transportation activities.

4. History • 400 BC -- Kites flown in China. • 300 – 200 BC -- Archimedes: "Bodies submerged into a fluid receive from it a lifting force which is equal to the mass of the displaced fluid." • 1783 -- Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the first successful flying craft hot air balloon across Paris. • 1853 -- George Cayley’s ‘New Flyer’ takes his footman across Brompton Dale in the first man-carrying glider. • 1900 -- ZEPPELIN was the name given to the duralumin-internal-framed, dirigibles invented by the persistent Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. The LZ1 made its initial flight from a floating hangar on Lake Constance, near Friedrichshafen in Southern Germany. • 1903 -- On December 17, the world's first successful airplane known as the Flyer I accelerated along its launching rail and flew through the air – the Wright brothers. • 1907 -- The French pioneer Paul Cornu lifted a twin-rotored helicopter into the air entirely without assistance from the ground for a few seconds.

5. Early History of the Balloon The Montgolfier brothers, Etienne and Joseph, invented the hot-air balloon in 1783. The first launching took place in Paris on June 5, with an unmanned (but a duck) spherical balloon that traveled 1 1/2 miles in 10 minutes, reaching an altitude of about 6,000 feet.

6. Flyer I First Flight, December 17, 1903. Airborne – 12 seconds. Twelve seconds later it landed 100 yards away on the soft sand at Kill Devil Hills near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The pilot Orville and his brother Wilbur had experimented for four years with kites and engines to make the first successful flight ever.

7. History • 1918 – U.S. starts Air Mail service. • 1927 -- Charles Lindbergh completed the first transatlantic flight. • 1928 -- Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic. • 1936 – The Hindenburg was the world's first transatlantic commercial airliner with a length of 245 meters (804 ft) and a utmost diameter of 41 meters (135 ft). • 1947 -- Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier. • 1958 -- The first American commercial jet, the 707, was put into service by the Boeing Company.

8. Hindenburg 1936 -- LZ 129 / Hindenburg The Hindenburg Disaster

9. In 1947, Chuck Yeager was a Captain with the United States Air Force assigned as a test pilot to the X-1 program. On October 14, 1947, he became the first person to fly faster than the speed of sound. The X-1 It was only 31 feet long, it had a 28-foot wingspan. But the fuselage was shaped like a bullet. Basically the X-1 was a pure rocket. It burned liquid oxygen and a mixture of five parts alcohol to one part water.

10. SR-71 From 80,000 feet it could survey 100,000 square miles of Earth's surface per hour. On July 28, 1976, an SR-71 set two world records for its class: an absolute speed record of 2,193.167 miles per hour and an absolute altitude record of 85,068.997 feet. PERFORMANCEMaximum speed: Plus 2,000 mph. Range: Plus 2,900 miles Service Ceiling: Plus 85,000 ft.

11. X-15 Airplane or Rocket? Three views of the X-15's original configuration, with which it achieved a maximum speed of Mach 6.06 and a maximum altitude of 354,200 ft. Its launch weight was 33,000 lb.; landing weight, 14 700 lb. And this was in the mid 1950’s!

12. Routes • Airways are paths or routes that airplanes follow. • The airways are controlled by the FAA (Federal Aviation Administration). • The airways are setup in layers – ground to 75,000 feet. • All even numbered layers are for planes flying west, while all odd numbered layers are for planes flying east. • Aircraft are to keep a distance of 1000 ft apart and 10 minutes of flying time in front and in back of a plane.

13. Modes of Transportation • Lighter-than-air: – Wind is the typical method of propulsion of the vehicle. • Heavier-than-air: – This type of vehicle requires power for lift. The vehicles fly with the use of airfoils by adjusting the angle of attack.

14. Balloons • Lighter-than-air • Types • Hot Air • Gas – Hydrogen or Helium • A balloon floats in the air under the same principles as a boat floating in water. • Lift is the upward pressure equal to or greater than the air displaced by the object. • Mainly used for recreation today, but were used in battle in the early days.

15. Modern Hot Air Balloons Modern hot air balloons are comprised of three essential components; an envelope to contain the heated air, a propane burner used to heat the air, and a basket in which to carry the fuel, the pilot and passengers. Propane is the common fuel used in hot air ballooning.

16. Dirigibles/Airships • Lighter-than-air. • A big difference between a balloon and a dirigible is the the dirigible is steer able. • Hydrogen was commonly used…but it was extremely combustible. • The Zeppelin ships used hydrogen because they had a limited supply of helium, plus hydrogen had better lift.

17. Blimps • Type of an airship, but they are not rigid in construction. • They use helium instead of hydrogen. • They are basically large gas balloons. Their shape is maintained by their internal overpressure. The only solid parts are the passenger car and the tail fins.

18. Gliders • Heavier-than-air. • It is an aircraft with no propulsion unit.

19. Airplanes • Heavier-than-air. • Basic parts…

20. Forces • Flight depends on these four forces: • Thrust – is the power to move forward. • Lift – is the upward force on the wings. • Drag – is the force the airplane has to overcome in order to fly. Drag is basically the resistance of the air to the motion of a traveling object. • Gravity – is the downward force of objects (9.8 meters per second on the earth).

21. Principles in Air Transportation Thrust and lift combined have to be greater then the total forces of drag and gravity in order for an airplane to fly.

22. Principles of Air Transportation As air moves across the curved surface on top of an airplane’s wing, it creates an area of low pressure. The low air pressure provides lift.

23. Control of an Airplane Roll – is the movement of an airplane when its wing tip begins to dip or rise.

24. Control of an Airplane Pitch – is the movement of an airplane when its nose begins to dip or rise.

25. Control of an Airplane Yaw – is the movement of an airplane to the left or right.

26. Force of Helium • A helium balloon experiences an upward force that is equal to the weight of the air it displaces i.e. the buoyant force of the balloon • An average medium size balloon contains approximately .067 pounds per cubic foot • .067/ _______________ = the number of balloons you will need to lift the object off the ground

27. Lift Off • How much helium will it take to life the following off the ground • Bowling ball: 16lbs • Textbook: 2.5 lbs • Small child: 50lbs • 45lb weight • _____________ your weight

28. Helicopters • Helicopters get their lift from rotating wings called rotor blades. • The amount of lift is controlled by changing the pitch (angle) of the rotor blades. • The forward and backward motion is also controlled be the pitch of the rotor blades • The tail rotor is used to turn the helicopter.

29. The V-22 Osprey is a multi-engine, dual-piloted, self-deployable, medium lift, vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) tiltrotor aircraft designed for combat, combat support, combat service support, and Special Operations missions worldwide. Cost: 40.1 million dollars Helicopter or Airplane!? It has two propjet turbines that power two oversize propellers. It flies at over 400 mph and reaches an altitude of 25,000 feet. It's designed to carry up to 24 troops or loads of 15,000 pounds.

30. Categories of Aviation • General aviation – consists of privately owned planes. • Commercial aviation – air transportation by companies that receive money in exchange for service (commercial airlines). • Military aviation – consists of air activity performed by the military.

31. Types of Commercial Aviation • Commuter services transports people from several small airports to a major airport in a major city in the same area. • Regional airline services include air travel between major airports and smaller airports within a specific region of a country. • Domestic airline services is the transport by way of air to and from major airports within a country. • International airline services includes air travel between different countries.

32. Boeing’s 747 Maximum Fuel Capacity – 57,285 gallons Maximum Range – 8,430 miles Typical Speed -- .85 mach = 565 mph Cruising Altitude – 35,000 Feet Capacity – about 500 people

33. ConcordeConcorde, the flagship of the British Airways fleet, is the world's only supersonic passenger aircraft. British Airways is one of only two airlines operating the delta-wing jet. Concorde holds many world records, including fastest crossing of the Atlantic from New York to London in 2 hours 54 minutes and 45 seconds. British Airways “Concorde” Capacity – 100 passengers Range – 3740 miles Cruising Speed – 1336 mph = Mach 2 Cruising Altitude – 55,000 ft Fuel Capacity – 26,286 gallons Fuel Consumption – 5638 gallons per hour

34. Airports • Passenger terminal contains the ticket counters of the airline companies that offer flights from that airport. • Gates are walkways and waiting areas that provide boarding access to the airplanes. • Runways are where the airplanes take off and land. • Taxiways are paths that connect the gates to the runways. • Control tower is where air traffic controllers work.

35. Impacts of Air Transportation • More than 293 million passengers travel an average of 833 miles each year. • Approximately 6.9 billion ton miles of freight and mail are carried per year.

36. Impacts • Air travel consumes large quantities non-renewable fossil fuels. • Air travel contributes to global warming. • Aircraft are major sources of greenhouse gases particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and nitrogen oxides (NOx).

37. Let’s go to a web site… • http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Vehicles/advanced/index.html-- Let’s look at an online text • http://www.sprocketworks.com/shockwave/load.asp?SprMovie=paperairplanefoldweb -- Let’s build a paper airplane • http://www.eagle.ca/~matink/themes/Transport/air.html#SHI -- Air Travel