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Aim: What are features of the external & internal parts of the earth?

Explore the shape and internal composition of Earth, including lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, crust, mantle, and core. Learn about minerals, their properties, and identification techniques. Study physical properties like color, streak, luster, hardness, density, and more.

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Aim: What are features of the external & internal parts of the earth?

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  1. Do Now: 1. What is the shape of the Earth? 2. What do you know about the outside & inside of the earth? Homework: Aim: What are features of the external & internal parts of the earth?

  2. The Earth is a flattened sphere, or A slightly oblate spheroid How is the Earth Shaped? This means that the North & South poles are slightly flattened & the middle (equator) bulge slightly

  3. What would make a sailing ship appear to sink as it sails away from an onlooker?

  4. What are the 3 areas surrounding the Earth? • The Lithosphere, • Hydrosphere, & • Atmosphere

  5. The Lithosphere: • the solid part of the earth or layer of bedrock that forms a nearly continuous shell around the earth (includes the crust & upper mantle) • extends under the oceans & makes up the continents

  6. The Hydrosphere: • includes all of the earth’s salt water (97% of all the earth’s water) & • fresh water (found in rivers, lakes, streams, glaciers)

  7. The Atmosphere: The envelope of gases that surround the earth, which serve to: 1. Protect living things from harmful ultraviolet rays (ozone layer) 2. Provide nitrogen (78%) & oxygen (20%) to the environment (2% water vapor, carbon dioxide & trace gases)

  8. What is inside the Earth? • The Crust • Mantle, & • Core How have scientists come to this conclusion? By analysis of earthquake (seismic) wave data a.k.a. vibrational disturbances

  9. The Crust: • The solid, outer layer of the earth • Forms the upper part of the lithosphere • Compared to the whole earth, it’s very thin

  10. The Mantle: • Between the crust & core • Makes up more than 2/3rds of the earth’s mass • 2 parts: 1. Upper = solid rock (lithosphere) 2. Lower = liquid

  11. The Core: • Inner layer = thickest layer made up mostly of iron • 2 parts: outer = liquid & inner = a solidball

  12. Do Now: What are the parts of the inside of the earth? Homework: Handout Aim: What are properties of minerals?

  13. What are Minerals? • Natural solid formed from elements and compounds in the crust 2) All are inorganic: formed from non-living things

  14. What is the difference between an element & a compound? • Element: a substance made up of only one kind of atom ex) Aluminum, Iron, Silver • Compound: a substance made up of 2 or more elements that are chemically combined (in definite proportion) ex) Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Water (H2O) Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)

  15. Examples of minerals 5) Calcite = CaCO3 6) Halite = NaCl 7) Galena = PbS 8) Pyrite = FeS2 • Gold = Au • Silver = Ag • Copper = Cu • Quartz = SiO2 Which are examples of elements & which are examples of compounds?

  16. Rock Forming Minerals • There are more than 2,000 minerals • 20 are found in the earth’s crust • These are called rock forming minerals

  17. What are Physical Properties? • Observable properties (can be measured) • Ex) Color, size, shape, (Streak, Luster, Hardness) • Used to help identify minerals

  18. Color and Streak • Most minerals can not be identified by color alone • Streak can be found by rubbing the mineral across a piece of ceramic tile • The color or powder that is left behind is call the streak ex) Chalk = calcite

  19. Luster • The way a mineral reflects light from its surface • Either metallic or non-metallic ex) Glassy, dull, or shiny

  20. Hardness • The ability to resist being scratched • The Mohs Scale- 10 minerals (1-10) • A high number can scratch a mineral with a low number ex) Diamond = the hardest Mineral What # is a diamond on Mohs Scale & what can it scratch?

  21. Emeralds, Rubies & Sapphires are Valuable due To their color & hardness. Where would They be located On Mohs scale?

  22. Do Now: What is streak? Homework: Study for quiz. Aim: What are other properties of minerals? (continued…)

  23. What are other properties of minerals? • Density • Magnetism • The Acid Test • Crystals • Fracture & Cleavage

  24. Why can density be used to identify minerals? Every mineral has its own density Ex) Aluminum: 2.7 g/cc Gold: 19.3 g/cc Silver: 10.5 g/cc

  25. What is magnetism? The natural force that occurs when objects made out of iron are attracted by a magnet What is magnetite? A mineral containing iron May act as a magnet The only common mineral that has magnetism

  26. What is the acid test? • Weak Hydrochloric Acid is put on a mineral • If it fizzes, it tests positive for calcium carbonate (CaCO3) Ex) Calcite, Dolomite, Malachite

  27. What are crystals & how can they be seen? • A solid formed by a repeating, 3-D pattern of atoms & having fixed distances between parts. 2) Scientists use x-rays to study the pattern that forms the specific shape

  28. What is the difference between cleavage & fracture? • Cleavage: splitting of a mineral into pieces with smooth, flat surfaces ex) step or cube-like 2) Fracture: splits minerals into pieces with uneven surfaces

  29. Fracture

  30. Do Now: Take out a piece of loose-leaf & prepare for quiz. Homework: Study for quiz. Aim: What are 3 classes of rocks?

  31. A physical property of minerals to resist being scratched is known as _________. • What property of minerals is shown in the picture below?

  32. The ability of a mineral to reflect light is known as __________. 4. What is the physical property of a mineral when it is split into pieces with smooth, flat surfaces?

  33. What test is used to test for the presence of calcium carbonate in a mineral?

  34. What are rocks made of? One or more minerals How are rocks classified? Rocks are grouped according to the way they are formed. What are 3 classes of rocks? Igneous, Sedimentary, & Metamorphic

  35. How do igneous rocks form? When melted minerals (molten rock) cool & harden Where is molten rock found? Magma: molten rock inside the earth (mantle) Lava: magma that reaches the earth’s surface through cracks in the crust

  36. What causes some igneous rock to have crystals? If it takes a long time for the molten rock to cool it will have large crystals. (Coarse texture) If the molten rock cools very quickly, no crystals will form (glassy texture)

  37. Which rock took a • short time to cool? • Where did it come from magma or lava?

  38. How are sedimentary rocks formed? • Pieces of minerals, rocks, & remains of living things settle to the bottom of water (the ocean, lakes, rivers) • Pressure squeezes out water & air… & • Evaporation cements minerals together causing the sediment to harden.

  39. Where are the oldest fossils located? Why? Sedimentary Rock is the only rock that contains fossils. Where are the simplest fossils located? Why?

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