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Human Factors and Systems

Human Factors and Systems. Chap 1. Human Factors and Systems. Human Factors Defined  A History of Human Factors  Human Factors Profession  Systems . Human Factors Defined. Chapanis (1985) ： discover and apply information about human behavior, abilities, limitations,

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Human Factors and Systems

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  1. Human Factors and Systems Chap 1

  2. Human Factors and Systems • Human Factors Defined  • A History of Human Factors  • Human Factors Profession  • Systems 

  3. Human Factors Defined • Chapanis (1985)： discover and apply information about human behavior, abilities, limitations, and other characteristics to the design of tools, machines, systems, tasks, jobs, and environments for productive, safe, comfortable and effective human use. • Focus: human beings and their interaction with 產品、裝置、設備、程序、環境 改變 things 與環境，使符合人的能力、極限與需求

  4. Human Factors Defined • Objectives 1.增進效果與效率：方便、降低錯誤、提高生產力 2.增進人類福址：舒適、滿足、提高生活品質 • Approach systematic application of relevant information about人的能力、極限、特性、行為、動機等 to design ..... scientific investigation • Not： just applying checklists and guidelines using oneself as the model common sense (end)

  5. A History of Human Factors • Early History • 1945-1960: The Birth of a Profession • 1960-1980: A Period of Rapid Growth • 1980-1990: Computers, Disasters, and Litigation（訴訟） • 1990 and Beyond

  6. A History of Human Factors • Early History • Industrial revolution (late 1800s & early 1900s) • Gilbreth & Gilbreth: 外科手術程序 • World war II • Fitting the person to the job selection, training • Fitting the equipment to the person

  7. A History of Human Factors • 1945-1960: The Birth of a Profession • 1945: Engineering Psychology Lab. （美國空軍） • 1949: Ergonomics Research Society • 1957: Ergonomics (Journal)

  8. A History of Human Factors • 1960-1980: A Period of Rapid Growth • Military-Industrial complex (before 1960) • Space program • Expand beyond military and space 各類公司：製藥，電腦，汽車等

  9. A History of Human Factors • 1980-1990: Computers, Disasters, and Litigation（訴訟） • Computer technology • Technological disaster • 工廠 • 核能電廠 • Litigation: expert witnesses • Design: defect • Warnings and instructions: effectiveness

  10. A History of Human Factors • 1990 and Beyond • Computer technology Human-Computer Interaction • Aviation safety（飛航安全） • Design of medical devices • Design for the elderly • Quality of life and work (end)

  11. Human Factors Profession • Academic specialty – Highest degree Tab 1-1 • Principle area of work Tab 1-2 • Activities performed Tab 1-3 (end)

  12. Systems • Definition • Human-Machine Systems • Characteristics of Systems • System Reliability

  13. Systems • Definition A system is an entity that exists to carry out some purpose. (Bailey, 1982) • Human-Machine Systems Fig 1-1 • Manual Systems • Mechanical Systems • Automated Systems

  14. Systems • Characteristics of Systems • Systems Are Purposive • Systems Can Be Hierarchical System-Subsystem-Component • Boundary of the system result in a system that performs an identifiable function • Limit of resolution lowest limit: components proper limit: why describe or analyze the situation

  15. Systems • Characteristics of Systems • Systems Operate in an Environment • Environment: outside its boundaries • Immediate, Intermediate, General Environment • Environment impose constraints on behavior

  16. Systems • Characteristics of Systems • Components Serve Functions Four basic functions: Fig 1-2 • Sensing (information receiving) from outside or inside (feedback) • Information storage • Information processing and decision • Action functions physical control action, communication action

  17. Systems • Characteristics of Systems • Components Interact work togetherto achieve system goals • Systems, Subsystems, and Components Have Inputs and Outputs • Closed-loop system continuous feedback & control • Open-loop system: feedback improve subsequent operation

  18. Systems • System Reliability Reliability:dependability of performance in carrying out an intended function Probability of successful performance:discrete Mean time to failure (MTF) :continuous

  19. Systems • System Reliability • Components in Series: p1× p2× p3× p4× p5 … • Components in Parallel: backup, redundancy 1-(1-p)n (e.g.) 1-(1-.7)4=.992 • Discussion • Changes as a function of time: 往往每況愈下 • Human (end)

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