Organs of the Respiratory system

1. Organs of the Respiratory system • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ Figure 13.1

2. Function of the Respiratory System • Oversees ____________________between the blood and external environment • Exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the _______________ • Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and _______________ the incoming air

3. The Nose • The only ______________________part of the respiratory system • Air enters the nose through the external ____________ (nostrils) • The interior of the nose consists of a nasal cavity divided by a ___________________

4. Upper Respiratory Tract Figure 13.2

5. Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity • Lateral walls have projections called conchae • Increases __________________________ • Increases __________________________ • The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate • Anterior hard palate (made of __________________) • Posterior soft palate (made of __________________)

6. Paranasal Sinuses • Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________ • ______________________

7. Paranasal Sinuses • Function of the sinuses • ___________________________________________ • ___________________________________________ • ___________________________________________

8. Pharynx (Throat) • Muscular passage from nasal cavity to __________________ • Three regions of the pharynx • _________________ – superior region behind nasal cavity • _________________ – middle region behind mouth • _________________ – inferior region attached to larynx • Which 2 are common passageways for air and food

9. Larynx (Voice Box) • Routes ________ and ___________ into proper channels • Plays a role in ________________ • Made of eight rigid ___________ cartilages (protrudes anteriorly and is commonly referred to as the ____________________)and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (_______________)

10. Structures of the Larynx • ______________________ • Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech) • ____________ – opening between vocal cords

11. Trachea (Windpipe) • Connects _____________ with __________________ • Lined with ciliated mucosa • Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air • Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs • Walls are reinforced with _____-shaped hyaline cartilage

12. Primary Bronchi • Formed by division of the _________________ • Enters the lung at the ______________(medial depression) • Bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller branches called ____________________

13. Lungs • Occupy most of the ________________ cavity • Apex is near the ________________ (superior portion) • Base rests on the _________________ (inferior portion) • Each lung is divided into lobes by ___________________ • Left lung – _____ lobes • Right lung – _____ lobes

14. Coverings of the Lungs • Pulmonary (visceral) _________ covers the lung surface • What is the significance of this covering having fluid between its layers? What does it allow for?

15. Respiratory Tree Divisions • Primary _________________ • Secondary _________________ • Tertiary ________________ • ___________________

16. Bronchioles • Smallest branches of the bronchi • Terminal bronchioles end in ALVEOLI Figure 13.5a

17. Respiratory Zone • Structures • Respiratory bronchioli • Alveolar duct • Alveoli • Site of _____________________

18. Respiratory Membrane (Air-Blood Barrier) Figure 13.6

19. Gas Exchange • Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by ____________ • Oxygen enters the ________________ • Carbon dioxide enters the ____________________ • Macrophages add protection

20. Events of Respiration • Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the _____________ • External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary _____________ and _____________ • Internal respiration – gas exchange between _________ and tissue cells in ______________

21. Mechanics of Breathing • Depends on volume changes in the __________ cavity • Volume changes lead to _____________ changes, which lead to the flow of gases to ensure homeostasis

22. Mechanics of Breathing • Two phases • _____________ – flow of air into lung • _____________ – air leaving lung

23. Inspiration • ______________ and _______________ muscles contract • The size of the thoracic cavity ________________

24. Expiration • Largely a ______________ process which depends on natural lung elasticity • Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage

25. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities • Normal breathing moves about 500 ml of air with each breath (________________[TV]) • Many factors that affect respiratory capacity • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _____________ • _______________ of air – after exhalation, about 1200 ml of air remains in the lungs

26. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities • _______________________(IRV) • Amount of air that can be taken in forcibly over the tidal volume • Usually between 2100 and 3200 ml • _______________________(ERV) • Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled • Approximately 1200 ml

27. Respiratory Volumes and Capacities • Vital capacity • The total amount of exchangeable air • Vital capacity = _____ + _____ + _____ • Air that actually reaches the respiratory zone = __________________ • _________________volume • Air that remains in conducting zone and never reaches alveoli

28. Respiratory Capacities Figure 13.9