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Xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation. By: Marshall Lenko. What is Xenotransplantation?. The transfer of living cells, tissues, or organs from non-human animals species into humans. Can be human to non-human animals or between any 2 species. Examples of Xenotransplantation.

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Xenotransplantation

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  1. Xenotransplantation By: Marshall Lenko

  2. What is Xenotransplantation? • The transfer of living cells, tissues, or organs from non-human animals species into humans. • Can be human to non-human animals or between any 2 species.

  3. Examples of Xenotransplantation • Combining parts of different species dates back to Greek lore of 3000 years ago in the forms of centaurs (half man half horse) and the chimera (a mixture of goat, lion, and serpent).

  4. Modern Day Examples of Xenotransplantation • In 1682 a Russian physician repaired a man’s skull with the bone of a dog. • In 1905 a French surgeon used slices of rabbit kidney to treat a child suffering from kidney failure, this was the first time doctors had grafted tissues from animals to humans.

  5. Modern Day Examples of Xenotransplantation (contd.) • December 14th 1995 a baboon’s bone marrow is transplanted into a man to help with his HIV. • Fetal calf adrenal cells are implanted in the spinal cord space of a woman for pain relief in end stage cancer. • Pig pancreatic islet cells are implanted for treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

  6. Potential Risks • Zoonoses are diseases from animals that can be transmitted to humans under natural conditions. • A xenogenic infection is a transmissible disease introduced from animals into humans. • A virus that does not cause disease in its animal host may cause a serious disease or even death in a human.

  7. Potential Risks (contd.) • Many failures of xenotransplantation are caused by the constant destruction of animal organs by a human’s immune system. • Researchers reported that pig retroviruses can multiply in the human kidneys. • Viruses that can hide themselves for years until it is too late to be cured can develope.

  8. Reasons For • There is a worldwide shortage of organs for transplantation. • Between 1990 and 1995 an average of 4835 people each year donated organs after death. • ~48,000 people are on the waiting list for organs. • ~3000 people die each year because organ donors can’t be found in time.

  9. Reasons For (contd.) • Cellular transplants could provide treatment for people with diabetes, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. • Tissue transplants could include skin grafts for burn victims, corneal transplants for the virtually impaired, and bone transplants for reconstructing limbs. • Organ transplants could include whole hearts, lungs, livers, kidneys, or pancreases.

  10. Protecting the General Public • To guard against potential animal to human infection there are 4 major areas that are recommended as guidelines. • “Procedures must be developed in order to screen source animals for presence of infectious organisms.” • “Continued surveillance of patients and periodic surveillances of their families, health care worker, and others to check for evidence of infectious disease.”

  11. “ An establishment of tissue banks containing tissue and blood samples from source animals and patients should be created.” • “ There should be an establishment of national and local registries of patients that have received xenotransplants.”

  12. Picture References • http://immunologybmed19005.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/transplant_monkey008.jpg • http://www.freakingnews.com/pictures/10500/Centaur-Arnold--10853.jpg • http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Resources/Hosted/Chimera/chimeracol.jpg • http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/photos/uncategorized/2007/04/13/xenotransplant2.jpg

  13. Works Cited • Xenotransplantation. Retrieved November 28th 2009 from http://www.hc0sc.gc.ca/sr-sr/biotech/about-apropos/xeno-eng.php • Fact Sheet on Xenotransplantation. Retrieved November 30th 2009 from http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/fda.htm • Xenotransplantation. Retrieved November 30th 2009 from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/biology/b103/f01/web2/aryoni.html • Ethics of Neural Xenotransplantation. Retrieved November 30th 2009 from http://biomed.brown.edu/courses/BI108/BI108_1999_Groups/Neurotransplant_Team/Ethics/ethics.html • The Disadvantages of Xenotransplantation. Retrieved November 30th 2009 from http://fbox.vt.edu/users/dhay/disadvantages.html

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