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Xenotransplantation

Samantha Pell. Xenotransplantation. What is it?. The transplantation of cells, tissues or organs from one species to another Three procedures make it up Animal external therapies (AETs) Animal cell therapies (ACTs) Animal organ transplants (AOTs). Genetic Modification .

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Xenotransplantation

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  1. Samantha Pell Xenotransplantation

  2. What is it? • The transplantation of cells, tissues or organs from one species to another • Three procedures make it up • Animal external therapies (AETs) • Animal cell therapies (ACTs) • Animal organ transplants (AOTs)

  3. Genetic Modification • Pig is most common animal used • size • Pigs become genetically modified • Human genes will be inserted into pigs • Caused them to become transgenic • Only a small amount will express the gene needed • Others will be killed

  4. Arguments in Favor • Could save many lives • No waiting around for suitable organs • Few people willing to donate • Such rare situations allow use of organs • Some Asian countries look at human to human organ transplant as a taboo • Pigs for transplantation are bred and isolated in a controlled environment • Gets rid of black market sales of organs • Puts an end to the ethical question “should donors be compensated for use of their organs?” • Possibility of treating diseases • diabetes

  5. How will it treat diabetes? • Primary cause is the destruction of cells (islets) • Research offers the chance of replacing dead islets with living ones • Pig islets most preferred for transplant • Will restore insulin production • Will provide ideal control of blood sugar at all times

  6. Arguments Against • Led to a ban of research in many European countries • Animals would be sold rather than donated • Organ donations may stop altogether • Transmission of diseases • Greater risk of the spread of PERV • Many animals will die • Morality sacrifice

  7. Rejection • Major obstacle • Caused by immune system fighting back against something foreign • Must be given drugs (immunosuppresent) • Will cause immune system to shut down • Will prevent possibility of rejection • Will leave patient more at risk for disease

  8. Hyperacute Rejection • Tissue never becomes vascularized • Preexisting host antibodies bind to antigens in the graft endothelium • Complement system activated • Results in inflammation • Graft suffers irreversible damage from ischemia

  9. Hyperacute Rejection • Healthy islets (center) surrounded by non-insulin producing pancreatic cells. • Hyperacute rejection in progress: Islets (center) are being filtrated as part of immune system attack.

  10. Alternatives • The cause of organ failure and disease must be minimized • Better education on human organ donation • Increases availability of organs • Safer, cheaper, more humane

  11. Picture Website Links • http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group04/Rejection_overview.htm • http://blogs.mysanantonio.com/weblogs/clockingin/pig.jpg

  12. Bibliography • Facts on Xenotransplantation. (1996, September 20). Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://www.stanford.edu/dept/HPS/transplant/html/fda.htm • Hyperacute Rejection. (n.d.). Transplant Rejection Therapy. Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2004_Groups/Group04/Rejection_overview.htm • Lanza, R. P., & Cooper, D. K. (n.d.). Xenotransplantation. Scientific American, 277(1), 54. Retrieved from Science Reference Center database. • Miller, G. W. (2005). The Xeno Chronicles. New York: Public Affairs. • Nicholson, M. (2000, November). Into. Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://cseserv.engr.scu.edu/nquinn/ENGR019_299Fall2000/StudentWebSites/Nicholson/ResearchPaper. htm • Tanne, J. H. (n.d.). Xenotransplantation: Huge Benefits, Hard Choices. Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://www.columbia.edu/cu/21stC/issue-1.2/Xeno.htm • What is Xenotransplantation? (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2009, from http://fbox.vt.edu/users/dhay/home.html • Van Eenennaam, A. L. (2008, March 13). Animal Biotechnology. Retrieved May 10, 2009, from http://animalscience.ucdavis.edu/animalbiotech/Biotechnology/Transgenics/Pig/index.htm • Xenotransplantation. (n.d.). Animals Today, 12(2), 31. Retrieved from Science Reference Center Database.

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