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Neuroanatomy of Cranial Nerves

Neuroanatomy of Cranial Nerves. Overview. CNS Brain and Spinal Cord Information processing/Interneurons. PNS Nerves. Sensory/Afferent. Motor/Efferent. General Sensory (Somatic and Visceral) Special Sensory. Somatic Motor Visceral Motor (ANS). EFFECTORS. RECEPTORS.

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Neuroanatomy of Cranial Nerves

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  1. Neuroanatomy of Cranial Nerves

  2. Overview CNS Brain and Spinal Cord Information processing/Interneurons PNS Nerves Sensory/Afferent Motor/Efferent • General Sensory (Somatic and Visceral) • Special Sensory • Somatic Motor • Visceral Motor (ANS) EFFECTORS RECEPTORS

  3. Functional Components of Nerves • General sensory • Somatic sensory (GSA) • Visceral sensory (GVA) • Special sensory (SSA, SVA) • Somatic motor (GSE) • Branchial motor (SVE) to skeletal muscles derived from branchial arches • Somatic motor (GSE) to skeletal muscles derived from other sources • Visceral motor (GVE) to smooth muscle and glands

  4. Cranial Nerves • Carry 1-4 functional components • General sensory • Special sensory • Somatic motor • Visceral motor

  5. What to Know About Cranial Nerves • Name and Number • Origin from brain • Functional components • Location of cell bodies • Nucleus • Ganglion • Foramen of exit from cranial cavity • Distribution: branches, targets, and functions • Testing and lesions

  6. Cell Bodies of Cranial Nerves • General sensory neurons – in a sensory ganglion (no synapses, pseudounipolar) • Special sensory neurons – in a sensory ganglion or in the sensory organ • Somatic motor neurons – in a nucleus • Visceral motor neurons– • Preganglionic – in a nucleus • Postganglionic – in an autonomic ganglion (synapses)

  7. General Sensory Pathways • Neurons • Primary/peripheral • Secondary • Tertiary (cell body in thalamus) L 1-23

  8. Voluntary Motor Pathway • AKA Pyramidal system • Upper motor neurons • Lower motor neurons L Fig 1-23

  9. I Olfactory • II Optic • III Oculomotor • IV Trochlear • V Trigeminal • VI Abducens • VII Facial • VIII Vestibulocochlear • IX Glossopharyngeal • X Vagus • XI Spinal accessory • XII Hypoglossal

  10. Special Sensory • CN I – Olfactory (olfaction) • CN II – Optic (vision) • CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear (hearing, equilibrium) • CN’s VII, IX, X - taste

  11. General Sensory • CN V – Trigeminal • V1 • V2 • V3 • Sensory neuron cell bodies in trigeminal ganglion • Other cranial nerves with general sensory fibers – CN’s VII, IX, and X

  12. Somatic Motor • CN’s III, IV and VI ocular muscles • CN XI SCM and trapezius • CN XII tongue muscles • CN V3 (arch I) muscles of mastication, etc. • CN VII (arch II) m’s of facial expression, etc. • CN IX (arch III) stylopharyngeus • CN X (arches IV, VI) m’s of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx

  13. Visceral Motor(Parasympathetic) • CN’s III, VII, IX, X • Ganglia: • Targets: • Postganglionic parasympathetics tend to follow branches of the trigeminal nerve. L 1-25

  14. Sympathetics to the Head • Origin: • Ganglia: • Targets: • Postganglionic sympathetics follow branches of carotid arteries (in a perivascular plexus) L 1-26

  15. CN’s Carrying All Four Functional Components • CN VII • CN IX • CN X

  16. Branches of Cranial Nerves May Serve Different Functions V3 Netter Plate 42

  17. References • Regional anatomy – Liebgott Chapter 7 • Systemic anatomy – Liebgott Chapter 8 • Images – Netter Plates 112-125

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