Lawrence Souder, Ph.D. Culture and Communication College of Arts and Sciences

1. Lawrence Souder, Ph.D.Culture and CommunicationCollege of Arts and Sciences

3. Resources Practice Funding Publication Invitation

4. Scientists are writers.

5. IMRAD Report • Introduction • Methods • Results • Discussion

6. Effect of ale, garlic, and soured cream on the appetite of leeches Anders Baerheim, senior lecturer Hogne Sandvik, research fellow Division for General Practice, University of Bergen, Ulriksdal 8C, N-5009 Bergen, Norway British Medical Journal, 1994; 309:1689

8. IMRAD Report • Introduction: Our question is significant. • Methods: Our method is appropriate. • Results: Our findings are valid. • Discussion: Our conclusions are important.

9. Introduction • State significance of the phenomenon • Summarize research to date • Point out gap in research • Describe new proposed research • Preview the report

10. Introduction … present use in microsurgery. … the leeches refuse to cooperate properly. …doctors in the 19th century used to immerse leeches in… …encouragethe leeches' feeding behavior …designed a study toevaluate the effect of these remedies.

11. Method • Justify choice in materials and methods • Provide enough detail for replication

12. Method Six leeches were dipped briefly in one of two different typesof beer… …placed on the forearm of one of us … …measuredthe time from when the leech touched the skin until HS feltit bite. Six other leeches were then placed on the same author's forearms… …smeared with soured cream… …smeared with garlic… …because of adverseeffects only two leeches were exposed to garlic We analysed the median time from application to biting…

13. Results • Summarize, reduce, and compare data • Generalize from data

14. Results Leeches' willingness to bite after being exposed to beer, garlic, and soured cream ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Time from application to No No of biting (seconds) of exposures for -------------------------- Type of exposure leeches each leech Median Range -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Guinness stout 6 3 187* 38-301 Hansa bock 6 3 136 12-301 Water 6 3 92 7-301 Garlic 2 1 @ Soured cream 4 7 25 2-301 Bare arm 4 7 34 2-301 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- * P=0.06 compared with control (water). @ Due to the lethal effect of garlic, the leeches were unable to initiate feeding.

15. Results After exposure to beer some of the leeches… …changed behaviour… …swaying their forebodies… …losing grip… …falling on their backs. Two leeches … died 2 1/2 hoursafter the exposure to garlic. For ethical reasons the garlicarm was abandoned at this point. Leeches exposed to soured cream … they bit no sooner thanthe controls.

16. Discussion • State significance of results • Compare results with previous studies • Acknowledge limitations of study • Make recommendations for future research social policy, or practical application

17. Discussion • Exposure to beer tended to disrupt the leeches' normal behaviour and made them erratic. …Ingested garlic has been reported to be lethal to some animals,5 but we believe this to be the first study showing garlic to be lethal by skin absorption. • The alleged effect of soured cream may have been an extrapolation of the deaconess's own preferences, an example of the placebo effect. …This study provides a reminder of how medical beliefs can stand uncontradicted for decades.

18. http://www.leechesusa.com/leechesusa/

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27. Severe Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity in Primates After a Common Recreational Dose Regimen of MDMA ("Ecstasy") “…recreational MDMA users may unwittingly be putting themselves at risk, either as young adults or later in life, for developing neuropsychiatric disorders…”

28. Retraction “We write to retract our report "Severe dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a common recreational dose regimen of MDMA ("ecstasy")", following our recent discovery that the drug used to treat all but one animal in that report came from a bottle that contained (+)-methamphetamine instead of the intended drug, (±)MDMA.”

29. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 DNA Nuclear Import and Integration Are Mitosis Independent in Cycling Cells JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Dec. 2003, p. 13412–13417 Vol. 77, No. 24 Richard A. Katz, James G. Greger, Pamela Boimel, and Anna Marie Skalka Institute for Cancer Research Fox Chase Cancer