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Explore the history, advancements, and future prospects of cellular networks, from 1G analog to 4G speeds and IoT connectivity. Learn about network evolution, devices, and challenges.
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First Generation • Analog transmission • frequency modulation (FM) technique for radio transmission. • Data Rate: 2kbps
Second Generation Delivering mobile voice services to more people, in more places
2G-Second Generation • Throughput/speed: 64kbps. • Bandwidth: 30 – 200 khz.
2G-Second Generation • Phone calls encrypted. • SMS/MMS • Power decreased and noise in the line reduced.
2.5 G-Second and a Half Generation • Circuit switched + packet switched. • Streaming video became possible. • Supports web browsing
3G • Large capacity and broadband capabilities. •CDMA –Code Division Multiple Access. Does not divide up the channelbytimeor frequency. • Encodes data with a special code associated with each channel.
4G – what it is ? • collection of technologies at creating fully packet-switched networks optimized for data. • provides an end-to-end IP solutions • provide speed of 100Mbps while moving and 1Gbps while stationary.
Features of 4G •Faster and more reliable. 100 Mb/s (802.11g wireless = 54Mb/s, 3G = 2Mb/s) •Multi-standard wireless system. –Bluetooth, Wired, Wireless (802.11x) •Ad Hoc Networking. •IPv6 Core. •OFDM used instead of CDMA.
Advantages: -Very easy and efficient in dealing with multi-path. -Robust again narrow-band interference
What about the relation between Cellular Networks and Internet of Things? • Ericsson (global telecommunication company) predicts that 10% of total IoT devices installed in 2021 will be connected through cellular networks. • The Service Provider industry is on its way to building IoT ready infrastructures and services.
Carriers are building “cellular networks” for the Internet of Things! • Comcast, SoftBank, Orange, Swisscom are building nationwide IoT networks. • Verizon and Vodafone are upgrading their networks, setting aside spectrum just for IoT. • Cisco, Samsung, Nokia and Ericsson are selling equipment to make it work.
Cellphone networks probably will not be enough for IoT in three ways • Battery life: We need years, not days • Cost: We need it cheap • Coverage: We need it everywhere
Battery Life • Cellular phone networks are not power-efficient. And they never will be. • Mobile phone networks were originally designed for car phones. • Devices on cell phone networks must communicate many times/swith the cell tower. That’s very expensive for battery life.
Cost • Putting IoT devices on cell phone networks is expensive. • LTE radios are complex, require multiple antennas and require expensive IP licenses. • Network certification is expensive. For example, it costs $50,000-100,000 to certify a device on Verizon’s network, and the process takes months.
Coverage • LTE isn’t everywhere. • IoT devices have a nasty tendency to be deployed in precisely the places that today’s cell networks don’t reach: like flood detectors in basements, parking sensors. • Networks should be optimized to maximize deep indoor penetration, rather than bandwidth.
Example: Cellular Network in Antarctica • The Toulouse, France-based company will first be helping out researchers at the Princess Elisabeth Antarctica Research Station. • A tracking device connected to the Sigfox network will help researchers keep track of each other's locations. • And soon, the Sigfox network will be used to collect scientific sensor data on the ice for climate change research.
Device and connectivity requirements for specific IoT use cases
