Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

1. Chapter 5 Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

2. Core Case Study: Southern Sea Otters: Are They Back from the Brink of Extinction? • Habitat • Hunted: early 1900s • Partial recovery • Why care about sea otters? • Ethics • Tourism dollars • Keystone species

3. Southern Sea Otter Fig. 5-1a, p. 104

4. 5-1 How Do Species Interact? • Concept 5-1 Five types of species interactions—competition, predation, parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism—affect the resource use and population sizes of the species in an ecosystem.

5. Species Interact in 5/6 Major Ways • Intraspecific Competition • Interspecific Competition • Predation • Parasitism • Mutualism • Commensalism

6. Most Species Compete with One Another for Certain Resources • For limited resources • Ecological niche for exploiting resources • Some niches overlap

7. Some Species Evolve Ways to Share Resources • Resource partitioning • Using only parts of resource • Using at different times • Using in different ways

8. Resource Partitioning Among Warblers Fig. 5-2, p. 106

9. Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Fig. 5-2, p. 106

10. Blackburnian Warbler Black-throated Green Warbler Cape May Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Stepped Art Fig. 5-2, p. 106

11. Specialist Species of Honeycreepers Fig. 5-3, p. 107

12. Fruit and seed eaters Insect and nectar eaters Greater Koa-finch Kuai Akialaoa Amakihi Kona Grosbeak Crested Honeycreeper Akiapolaau Apapane Maui Parrotbill Unknown finch ancestor Fig. 5-3, p. 107

13. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (1) • Predators may capture prey by • Walking • Swimming • Flying • Pursuit and ambush • Camouflage • Chemical warfare • Going to restaurant or grocery store!

14. Predator-Prey Relationships Fig. 5-4, p. 107

15. Most Consumer Species Feed on Live Organisms of Other Species (2) • Prey may avoid capture by • Run, swim, fly • Protection: shells, bark, thorns • Camouflage • Chemical warfare • Warning coloration • Mimicry • Deceptive looks • Deceptive behavior

16. Some Ways Prey Species Avoid Their Predators Fig. 5-5, p. 109

17. (a) Span worm Fig. 5-5a, p. 109

18. (b) Wandering leaf insect Fig. 5-5b, p. 109

19. (c) Bombardier beetle Fig. 5-5c, p. 109

20. (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly Fig. 5-5d, p. 109

21. (e) Poison dart frog Fig. 5-5e, p. 109

22. (f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly Fig. 5-5f, p. 109

23. (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. Fig. 5-5g, p. 109

24. (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Fig. 5-5h, p. 109

25. (a) Span worm (b) Wandering leaf insect (c) Bombardier beetle (d) Foul-tasting monarch butterfly (f) Viceroy butterfly mimics monarch butterfly (e) Poison dart frog (g) Hind wings of Io moth resemble eyes of a much larger animal. (h) When touched, snake caterpillar changes shape to look like head of snake. Stepped Art Fig. 5-5, p. 109

26. Science Focus: Threats to Kelp Forests • Kelp forests: biologically diverse marine habitat • Major threats to kelp forests • Sea urchins • Pollution from water run-off • Global warming

27. Purple Sea Urchin Fig. 5-A, p. 108

28. Predator and Prey Interactions Can Drive Each Other’s Evolution • Intense natural selection pressures between predator and prey populations • Coevolution • Interact over a long period of time • Bats and moths: echolocation of bats and sensitive hearing of moths

29. Coevolution: A Langohrfledermaus Bat Hunting a Moth Fig. 5-6, p. 110

30. Some Species Feed off Other Species by Living on or in Them • Parasitism • Parasite is usually much smaller than the host • Parasite rarely kills the host • Parasite-host interaction may lead to coevolution

31. Parasitism: Trout with Blood-Sucking Sea Lamprey Fig. 5-7, p. 110

32. In Some Interactions, Both Species Benefit • Mutualism • Nutrition and protection relationship • Gut inhabitant mutualism • Not cooperation: it’s mutual exploitation

33. Mutualism: Hummingbird and Flower Fig. 5-8, p. 110

34. (a) Birds and black rhinoceros Fig. 5-9a, p. 111

35. (b) Clownfish and sea anemone Fig. 5-9b, p. 111

36. In Some Interactions, One Species Benefits and the Other Is Not Harmed • Commensalism • Epiphytes • Birds nesting in trees

37. Commensalism: Bromiliad Roots on Tree Trunk Without Harming Tree Fig. 5-10, p. 111

38. 5-2 What Limits the Growth of Populations? • Concept 5-2 No population can continue to grow indefinitely because of limitations on resources and because of competition among species for those resources.

39. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (1) • Population: group of interbreeding individuals of the same species • Population distribution • Clumping • Uniform dispersion • Random dispersion

40. Most Populations Live Together in Clumps or Patches (2) • Why clumping? • Species tend to cluster where resources are available • Groups have a better chance of finding clumped resources • Protects some animals from predators • Packs allow some to get prey

41. Population of Snow Geese Fig. 5-11, p. 112

42. Generalized Dispersion Patterns Fig. 5-12, p. 112

43. (a) Clumped (elephants) Fig. 5-12a, p. 112

44. (b) Uniform (creosote bush) Fig. 5-12b, p. 112

45. (c) Random (dandelions) Fig. 5-12c, p. 112

46. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (1) • Population size governed by • Births • Deaths • Immigration • Emigration • Population change = (births + immigration) – (deaths + emigration)

47. Populations Can Grow, Shrink, or Remain Stable (2) • Age structure • Pre-reproductive age • Reproductive age • Post-reproductive age

48. Some Factors Can Limit Population Size • Range of tolerance • Variations in physical and chemical environment • Limiting factor principle • Too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance • Precipitation • Nutrients • Sunlight, etc

49. Trout Tolerance of Temperature Fig. 5-13, p. 113

50. Lower limit of tolerance Higher limit of tolerance No organisms Few organisms Few organisms No organisms Abundance of organisms Population size Zone of intolerance Zone of physiological stress Zone of physiological stress Zone of intolerance Optimum range Low Temperature High Fig. 5-13, p. 113