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CHAPTER 1: The Nation’s Beginnings

This chapter explores the beginnings of European exploration and colonization in America, including the pre-Columbian Americas, push factors for exploration, European societies in the 1400s, and the impact of Columbus and Spanish conquests. It also discusses the debate over Columbus Day and the lost colony of Roanoke.

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CHAPTER 1: The Nation’s Beginnings

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  1. CHAPTER 1:The Nation’s Beginnings EXPLORATION & THE FIRST COLONIES

  2. Hey Columbus, Go Home! Europeans Come to America

  3. What do you remember? • What were the Americas like pre-Columbus? • What was Europe like during the 15-16th century? • What were some push factors for exploration?

  4. Renaissance, 14-17th Century • “Rebirth” of classical learning • Humanism, secularism • Era of technology • Gunpowder (Chinese) • Compass/Astrolabe by Arab merchants • Improvements in shipbuilding (caravel) and mapmaking

  5. EUROPEAN SOCIETIES 1400s • European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – Feudalism • Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power • The Reformation in the early 1500s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

  6. EUROPEAN EXPLORATION • The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400s for God, Gold, and Glory • Can you name an explorer from each of these countries?

  7. “Intellectual, not Geographical Reality” Archbishop Isidore of Serville, 1472

  8. Christopher Columbus • Italian-Genoa, 1451 • Merchant, business man; father-weaver • Sailing experience • Lisbon, Portugal: • Astronomy • Cartography • Mathematics • Navigation

  9. Stay in School • Sail West!...Not the first time this was suggested • Great idea but faulty math • Different units of measure; fudged numbers • Denied by Portugal and England; picked up by Spain • Reconquista, paper promises of fame/fortune

  10. SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2 • Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 (“the greatest accident in history”) • Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System • Disease devastated Native population, 90% dead-what was the “exchange” called?

  11. IMPACT OF COLUMBUS • On Discovery: *Identification crisis; wider view of the world • On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800s, 10 million Africans taken • Why Africans? • On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history • On Trade-Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents

  12. Yays & Nays: Columbian Exchange • Disease • Domestication and Quarantine • “Virgin Soil Epidemic” • Homogenous DNA • Colonists met the “walking dead”-post apocalyptic • New Opportunities for Trade • Densely populated areas; vast network • Complex cities; Explorers piggy back off foundation • Ecological and Economic incompatibility • Europeans-diverse; clump natives as 1 • Farming and land owning techniques • Population growth vs. decimation

  13. SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE • Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas • Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico • Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru • Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System • Natives work land in exchange for Spanish teaching them Catholicism

  14. So… • Should Columbus Day be celebrated?! • Read the 4 arguments (2 for, 2 against) with a partner comparing the effects of Columbus’s voyage. • Write an argumentative essay defending your opinion with at least 3 supporting details. Turn in at the end of class.

  15. A Whole New World! THE FIRST COLONIES

  16. Geography Lesson Using the 4 maps of topography/geography, decide where you, as an explorer, would aim to explore. Explain WHY you chose that area or region. What is topography? Geography? EQ: How does geography and topography impact settlementpatterns?

  17. Impact of Geography • Topography: the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area • Geography: study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the earth • THINK: How might geography and topography impact economic development and opportunity? • Answer with a partner

  18. Roanoke: The Lost Colony • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o99Y4Brq-GY&feature=related • Investigation: What caused the colonists to disappear? • First arrived 1585 • Second group in 1587 • Leader: John White • 1587 first European born in N. America-Virginia Dare • J.W. left for supplies, returned in 1590 to nothing but “CROATOAN” carved on a post

  19. Roanoke Inquiry • Due ON TUESDAY: 1 to 2 page MLA format paper argument about your tentative conclusions. • RUBRIC STATED BELOW • Thesis is clearly stated. • 3 pieces of evidence are present; evidence must clearly supports your thesis. • 1 counter argument used and refuted. • Sentence structure, grammar, and spelling are free from error.

  20. Pocahontas: “Virginia Company” In sixteen hundred sevenWe sail the open seaFor glory, God and goldAnd the Virginia CompanyFor the New World is like heavenAnd we'll all be rich and freeOr so we have been toldBy the Virginia CompanyFor glory, God and goldAnd the Virginia CompanyOn the beaches of VirginnyThere's diamonds like debrisThere's silver rivers flowAnd gold you pick right off a tree With a nugget for my WinnieAnd another one for meAnd all the rest'll goTo the Virginia CompanyIt's glory, God and goldAnd the Virginia Company We'll kill ourselves an InjunOr maybe two or threeWe're stalwart men and boldOf the Virginia CompanyIt's glory, God and gold and the Virginia Company

  21. EARLY BRITISH COLONIES • Early 1600s: English finally in a place to start colonizing • 1588 defeated Spanish Armada • Population up, Economy down • Joint-Stock Companies • May 14, 1607: Jamestown was first lasting settlement (barely) • John Smith led settlers; forceful leadership • Disease, famine, Indians • “Work or starve” motto • Trade with Natives Nightmare in Jamestown: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8u_IAH9bspU

  22. James River, 35 miles up from Chesapeake Bay Jamestown Fort, June 1607

  23. Jamestown Timeline • 16091610: “Starving Time” • Colonists on the verge of leaving fort; Smith leaves for more supplies • New settlers arrive and save colony • 1610-1614: Sir Thomas Gates • Against Algonquians-used techniques learned earlier; don’t need natives anymore • 1612: J. Rolfe introduces tobacco from West Indies • 1614-1640: Growth, Peace, and Disorder • Marriage between Matoaka (P) and J. Rolfe • Introduction of Slavery 1619 (tobacco) • VA Company Charter revoked 1624-massive debt • Deaths of O&P results in bad relations; forced treaty 1646

  24. Fix Jamestown! You have arrived in Jamestown as the new leader. You are the colonists’ last hope and must address the problems that have ravaged the colony. Using your knowledge of the colony, discuss how you would change/fix the its issues: offer possible solutions to problems like disease, salt poisoning, Indian attacks, starvation, farming complications, etc. Write as a public edict for the colonists.

  25. Refresh: Why leave England? • Religious reasons • King Henry VIII split with papacy • Dissenting religions want freedom • Political reasons • Parliament v. Lords • Tyranny, political unrest, civil strife • Economic reasons • Illegal enclosure • Debt

  26. England’s Motivations • World Power • Pirates-Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins • 1588 defeat Armada; naval power • Economic Benefits • MERCANTILISM • All about the mother country

  27. Pilgrims and Plymouth, 1620 • Believed that the English Protestant church was corrupt-wanted to “separate” • Separatists leave homeland on a pilgrimage to the new world-hence the name Pilgrims

  28. Pilgrims Cont’d • 44 passengers board the Mayflower (rest of the group aimed to make profit) to Plymouth • William Bradford • Half die that winter • Wampanoag tribe helps them survive • Plant corn, squash, beans; 1621 “Thanksgiving” • Absorbed into Puritans

  29. Puritans: Mass. Bay Colony, 1630 • Like Pilgrims, they wished to reform the English Church • Sought to purify-hence the name Puritans • Imagined themselves as the next Exodus • John Winthrop • Strict boundaries • Salvation was for the Elect; constant state of spiritual anxiety

  30. Puritans Cont’d • Faith, not work was key to salvation • “City on a Hill” • Community demanded conformity • Roger Williams • Hypocrites • Anne Hutchinson • Interpreted scripture • Salem Witch Trials, 1690 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PdX1vK03hRw

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