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REMEMBERING NINE OF THE WORST NATURAL DISASTERS (in terms of casualties)

This article highlights the devastating impact of the December 2004 earthquake and tsunami in Indonesia, with a death toll estimated at 280,000. It also discusses the lack of effective warning systems and the need for disaster resilience.

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REMEMBERING NINE OF THE WORST NATURAL DISASTERS (in terms of casualties)

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  1. REMEMBERINGNINE OF THE WORST NATURAL DISASTERS (in terms of casualties) Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA 

  2. DECEMBER 2004 EARTH-QUAKE/TSUNAMI: INDONESIA • DEATH TOLL ESTIMATED AT 280,000.

  3. THE GREAT SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE-INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI DISASTER DECEMBER 26, 2004 (A Sunday morning)

  4. TSUNAMI TRAVERSES INDIAN OCEANI: 26 DECEMBER 2004

  5. ABOUT ½ HOUR FOR TSUNAMI WAVES TO REACH BANDA ACHE; LONGER FOR OTHER LOCATIONS

  6. THE FACTS • THE TSUNAMI WAS GENERATED BY A SHALLOW, M 9.3 EARTHQUAKE LOCATED 260 KM (155 MI) FROM BANDA ACEH, SUMATRA

  7. THE FACTS • THE TSUNAMI WAVES HAD HEIGHTS OF 4 TO 10 M AND RUNUP OF 3.3 KM OR MORE ON THE COAST LINES OF 12 NATIONS

  8. REAL-TIME MONITORING AND WARNING SYSTEMS WERE LACKING OR INEFFECTIVE VITAL TECHNOLOGIES MISSING

  9. THE FACTS • THE EXISTING TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM WAS LACKING OR INEFFECTIVE. • RESULT: LITTLE ORNO VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL EVACUATION.

  10. THE FACTS (Continued) • AN ESTIMATED 280,000 PEOPLE WERE KILLED (120,000 IN INDONESIA) IN 12 COUNTRIES BORDERING THE INDIAN OCEAN

  11. THE FACTS (Continued) • THE MOST URGENT IMMEDIATE NEED WAS FOR FOOD, WATER, AND HEALTH CARE SERVICES. • DISEASES APPROACHING AN EPIDEMIC, “A DISASTER AFTER THE DISASTER,” DID NOT HAPPEN.

  12. DIMENSIONS OF THE TSUNAMI DISASTER • MILLIONS DISPLACED AND HOMELESS • LOSSES IN $ BILLIONS • INTERNATIONAL DONORS CONTRIBUTED OVER $ 1 BILLION IN EFFORT COORDINATED BY THE UN, USA, INDIA, AUSTRALIA, & JAPAN.

  13. TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM FOR INDIAN OCEAN REGION • UNESCO, IN COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANIZTIONS, TOOK THE LEAD FOR DEVELOPING AND IMPLEMENTING AN INPROVED TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN REGION.

  14. Fast Forward to 2015 GLOBAL GOAL: Implementing the Post-2015 Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction From WCDRR

  15. THE GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORY MODEL AN INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR GLOBAL TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENCE

  16. THE FRAMEWORK:A COMPREHENSIVE, INTER-DISCIPLINARY DIALOGUE ON GLOBAL DISASTERS AND DISASTER RESILIENCE

  17. THE GLOBAL GOAL FROM A VULNERABLE COMMUNTY TO A TSUNAMI DISASTER TO A TSUNAMI DISASTER RESILIENT COMMUNITY THROUGH IMPLEMENTATION OF “THE BEST POLICIES AND BEST PRACTICES” FOR DISASTER RESILIENCE

  18. Tsunamis Are Associated with Subduction Zone Earthquakes • M 7 or larger earthquakes that occur in oceanic subduction zones can cause: • Tsunamis

  19. A TSUNAMI WAVE CAN REACH 10 M OR MORE IN HEIGHT

  20. TSUNAMI HAZARDS (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) • HIGH-VELOCITY, LONG-PERIOD WATER WAVES • WAVE RUNUP • FLOODING • WAVE RETREAT • SHORELINE EROSION

  21. CAUSES OF DAMAGE HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS TSUNAMIS FLOODING “DISASTER LABORATORIES” INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI

  22. KNOWING WHERE, WHEN, AND WHY A TSUNAMI OCCURS IS A VITAL PART OF THE ART AND SCIENCE OF INTELLIGENT EVACUATION.

  23. STATE-OF-ART MONITORING –TECHNOLOGIES AND WARNING SYSTEMS ARE ALSO VITAL.

  24. THE TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP ON AMERICAN SAMOA WAS A TSUNAMI DISASTER LABORATORY2007

  25. AMERICAN SAMOA TSUNAMI: SEPT 29

  26. The M7.7 earthquake generated a near-source tsunami with 3 m (10 ft) waves that struck within 5 minutes after the quake---so quickly that the regional tsunami warning system that was improved after the December 26, 2004 tsunami disaster, was ineffective..

  27. TSUNAMI WAVE RUN UP IN MENTAWAI ISLAND

  28. PAGO PAGO, ANERICAN SAMOA AFTER THE TSUNAMI; SEPT 29

  29. M9.0 TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE/TSUNAMI IMPACTS JAPAN WITH THE TSUNAMI WAVES REACHING PACIFIC RIM COUNTRIES 4TH LARGEST QUAKE EVER 3 – 40 M TSUNAMI WAVES 2:46 pm MARCH 11, 2011

  30. Natural Phenomena that Cause Disasters Planet Earth’s Convergent Plate Motion Caused: • A M9 Subduction Zone Earthquake Offshore Japan

  31. THE RESULT OF PLATE TECTONICS

  32. OFFSHORE EPICENTER • It took seconds for the P-and S-waves to reach Sendai, and minutes for the tsunami waves..

  33. SUMMARY OF SOCIETAL IMPACTS • Ground shaking lasted 300 seconds (compared with about 10 - 20 seconds for the 1994 Northridge, CA or the 1995 Kobe, Japan quakes). • Hundreds of aftershocks, many in the M6+ range and comparable in size with the damaging 1971 San Fernando CA quake, followed the main shock.

  34. SUMMARY OF SOCIETAL IMPACTS • The tsunami following within about 15 minutes, changing coast lines by almost 2 m and inundating land that will probably never be used again. • The earthquake ground shaking and the tsunami wave run up together caused major damage in northern Japan. • Simultaneously, wide spread fires burned out of control.

  35. SUMMARY OF SOCIETAL IMPACTS • The nuclear power plants in the region shut down automatically; an immediate evacuation of tens of thousands in 10- 20 km radii from the plant followed. • Radiation levels were 1,000 times normal levels at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear facility.

  36. SUMMARY OF SOCIETAL IMPACTS • Four and one-half million left without electricity. • One and one-half million without water. • Metro, trains, and airport shut down.

  37. FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR FACILITY HAD 3 FAILURES

  38. SUMMARY OF SOCIETAL IMPACTS • Four million left without electricity. • Metro, trains, and airport shut down.

  39. PASSENGERS STRANDED: SENDAI STATION

  40. THE TSUNAMIGENIC SOURCE: 130 KM (80 MI) OFFSHORE • The tsunami slammed the east coast of Japan, sweeping away boats, cars, homes and people, then racing across the Pacific at 822 -1222 kph (500 to 800 mph) to arrive 5-7 hours later in Alaska and Hawaii and other parts of the West Coast of the USA, and 18 hours later along the coast of South America.

  41. TSUNAMI WAVE PATH

  42. TSUNAMI WAVES:NATON MYIAGI PREFECTURE

  43. OARAI INUNDATED BY TSUNAMI

  44. TSUNAMI WAVES: COAST OF NORTHERN JAPAN

  45. TRASH FROM THE MARCH 2011 JAPANESE TSUNAMI UNEXPECTED CONSEQUENCES

  46. 1 1/3 YEAR AFTER THE MARCH 11, 2011 EARTHQUAKE-TSUNAMI DISASTER IN JAPAN THE PROBLEM CONTINUES TO GROW

  47. TSUNAMI TRASH DUMP IN JAPAN: MARCH 11, 2012

  48. TRASH FROM MARCH 11, 2011 JAPANESE TSUNAMI: (US NAVY PHOTO)

  49. WHAT HAPPENED? • Immediately after the tsunami waves dissipated, heavy items sank to the ocean floor close to shore, - - -. • But, at least 1.5m tons of debris were carried off by currents and began making the 4,500-mile journey across the Pacific

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