DIFFERENTIATING BARRAMUNDI FROM SOUTH EAST ASIA AND AUSTRALIA: What good is population genetics?

1. DIFFERENTIATING BARRAMUNDI FROM SOUTH EAST ASIA AND AUSTRALIA: What good is population genetics? Carolyn Smith-Keune1, Eghy Pattinasarany1,, Graham Mair2, & Dean Jerry1. 1 Aquaculture Genetics Research Program, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia, 2 Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia & Australian Seafood CRC

2. Barramundi aquaculture is rapidly increasing around the globe Background No comprehensive genetic studies of wild stocks across the species range

3. Top 5 Aquaculture producers FAO FishStatJ 2011

4. Objectives & applied outcomes Reference dataset to police country of origin labelling in the Australian market 1. Develop a global database of genetic structure of barramundi from a broad geographic base including all the main producing countries • Develop an understanding of functional levels of genetic • divergence between Australian stocks to identify exploitable • genetic variants Panel of functional gene markers associated with performance traits such as temperature tolerance for inclusion in breeding programmes

5. Coming soon: Vietnam (3-4) Objective 1: Regional genetic database 7 genetic markers potentially diagnostic of genetic differences between wild populations • India • SE Asia(4) • Central Indonesian archipelago (2) • Papua New Guinea • Australian populations (4)

6. Example genetic structure at a single marker Microsatellite Lca020

7. SUL PNG WA NT NQ SQ Indo-West Malaysia Singapore KM Thailand SE ASIA PNG/Australia Central Indonesia India Regional stock structure Probability of assignment of individual fish to genetic groups (clusters) ▌cluster 1 ▌cluster 3 ▌cluster 2 ▌cluster 4

8. Product of Taiwan Made in Australia from imported and local ingredients Processed in Vietnam from Sea Farmed Barramundi from the Pacific Ocean Region Applied outcome of research Differentiating Asian product from Australian at market A single PCR - 9 marker multiplex

9. Applied outcome of research Differentiating Australian from Asian product at market ▌cluster 1 cluster 2 A single PCR - 9 marker multiplex

10. IMPORTED AUSTRALIAN Applied outcome of research Differentiating Australian from Asian product at market ▌cluster 1 cluster 2 A single PCR - 9 marker multiplex

11. Objective 2: markers of functional divergence Landscape genetics of Australian Barramundi Carolyn Smith-Keune1, Jeremy Vanderwal1, Shannon Loughnan2 & Dean Jerry1 1 Aquaculture Genetics Research Program, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia, 2 Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia & Australian Seafood CRC

12. Past genetic studies Allozymes Shaklee and Salini 1993 ? Keenan 1994

13. 5 3 1 13 11 11 11 14 (Chenoweth et al 1998) 16 4 ? 3 13 1 1 11 14 ? 14 (Marshall 2005) (Doupe et al 1999) 16 Past population genetic studies ? Mitochondrial DNA

14. Summary of past studies Strong regional and smaller scale variability No cohesion between studies Different markers over vastly different spatial scales Selectively neutral markers No information on adaptive (functional) divergence

15. Current annual mean temperature

16. Past temperature

17. Current landscape genetic study OBJECTIVE: identify new functionally informative genetic markers by examining spatial patterns in candidate gene markers across environmental gradients See Dean Jerry’s talk after lunch for more

18. Summary • Strongly genetically structured species • Genetic tools for policing country of origin labels are powerful • Environmental gradients and variable selective pressure across genetic stock boundaries in Australia • Differences in important traits such as thermal tolerance Moving towards genetic markers of functional divergence for application to culture of Australian stocks

19. Thank-you