1 / 27

History of Infectious Disease

History of Infectious Disease. What disease killed 300-500 million people worldwide but has since been eradicated from the human population? Smallpox 1157 BC; Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V mummy has smallpox lesions. Smallpox. Progression: Rash Pus-filled blisters

ethel
Download Presentation

History of Infectious Disease

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. History of Infectious Disease

  2. What disease killed 300-500 million people worldwide but has since been eradicated from the human population? • Smallpox • 1157 BC; Egyptian pharaoh Ramses V mummy has smallpox lesions.

  3. Smallpox • Progression: • Rash • Pus-filled blisters • Disfiguration and/or blindness • Death rate = 30% Man with smallpox; Public Health Images Library. Source: CDC

  4. Queen Elizabeth 1 • Had smallpox in 1562 Source: Google images

  5. Variolation: The Earliest Smallpox Immunization • Take pus from a lesion and put into vein or scratch in arm of a healthy person. • Amount of virus varied, and some would die. • George Washington had his army “variolated” during America’s War of Independence

  6. Who invented smallpox variolation? • The first vaccine Edward Jenner 1749 - 1823

  7. Edward Jenner • Physician who heard milkmaids say they never got smallpox if they had cowpox • In 1796, put pus from cowpox into cut on boy; 8 weeks later exposed him to smallpox. • Slow acceptance, then widely adopted • Vacca = latin word for “cow”

  8. The smallpox vaccine • Vaccine made with cowpox virus • Causes body to produce antibodies that protect against smallpox • Side effects: red spot, pustules, scabs, leaves a scar. Fever is common, swelling. • Fatal complications are rare: • 1 death per million vaccines

  9. The World Takes Action • 1967: WHO announces global smallpox eradication program. • Still 15 million new cases a year then • 1977: Last reported naturally occurring case in Somalia. • Smallpox is the only disease totally eradicated in humans

  10. Smallpox: Bioterrorism Agent? • Virus kept in labs in US, Russia & France • Russian scientists claimed they could make smallpox in large amounts in “scatter bombs.” • Later: Where did the Russian scientists go? • May not know for days – until symptoms happen • Today 50% of U.S. never vaccinated • Routine vaccination discontinued in 1972 • Boosters needed at 10 years • After 9/11/01, 150 million vaccines ordered • Controversial

  11. Project BioShield Act of 2004 • Feb 2008: • DoD switched to new “biodefense vaccine.” • Grown in lab cell cultures (monkey kidney cells) instead of on cow skin. • Similar to old vaccine but advanced production capabilities. • Used only for those at “high risk”. • CDC emergency-stockpiled ~200 million Goal: Develop a second generation smallpox vaccine

  12. Recognize this? Ring around the rosy, A pocket full of posies, Ashes… Ashes, We all fall down! Written in London in 1665

  13. Great Plague of London 1665 • Bubonic Plague • Ring around the rosy = dark-ringed red spots in the skin from infected flea bites. • Pocket full of posies = belief that disease carried by putrid-smell of the lesions made people carry posies close to their nose • Ashes…Ashes = Bodies were cremated (not the norm in those days) • All fall down = death • 60% of London died

  14. Plague ended in 1666 • Great fire of London finally killed the rats • The brown rat, house rat, sewer rat, Norway rat = carriers of Bubonic Plague

  15. Bubonic Plague = Black Death

  16. Black Death Gangrene caused by plague

  17. Plague, continued • Excessive sneezing of plague sufferers led Pope Gregory VII to coin “God Bless You” as a holy response when someone sneezes. • Plague (bacteria) infects both people & rodents. • Fleas (vector) transmit to people. • Infected people transmit by coughing, sneezing, close talking • Came closest to wiping out the human race. • 50 million people died from 1347-1352 • (~50-60% of Europeans)

  18. The Last Plague Epidemic in US • San Francisco 1907-1908 • After the 1906 earthquake • Homeless rats and homeless people • Anti-rat campaign lasted 4 years • 25 cents per rat

  19. Plague today? • Plague does still exist in parts of the world • WHO reports 1,000 – 3,000 cases per year • Usually where infected rodents live close to humans • Recent outbreaks: Russia, China, Kenya, Zaire, Bolivia • Have there been any human cases in the U.S.?

  20. Plague in the U.S. CDC

  21. Plague in Oregon • 13 cases reported in Oregon (5 fatal) since 1970. • Mostly spread from fleas of infected rodents. • In the news over the summer.

  22. Plague and Bioterrorism • WWII: Japanese army dropped plague-infected fleas over China. • Both US and Soviet Union developed techniques to aerosolize the Plague bacteria. • Pneumonic Plague = most severe threat • Most deadly form – rapid symptoms and close to 100% fatality rate. • Vaccine (3 doses) is for bubonic plague only • With antibiotic treatment = 50% fatality rate • Because of delayed treatment

  23. Typhoid Fever • Caused by Salmonella – typhi (bacteria) • Mostly spread through water • Also food and from other infected people • 10% death rate in early 1900’s • Clean water supply prevents typhoid; there is also a typhoid vaccine • Carrier = person who has a disease-causing organism on their skin or in their body. • Carriers may not be sick, but can spread disease if come in contact with others.

  24. Typhoid Mary • 6 of 11 people in a house got typhoid fever in 1906 • Bad water & food ruled out; Mary refused to be tested • Mary tested against her will when 22 more people got typhoid • Mary put into isolation, released after 3 years.

More Related