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ΗΜΥ 100: Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία Διάλεξη 18 Εισαγωγή στα Ψηφιακά Συστήματα: Μέρος Δ

ΗΜΥ 100: Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία Διάλεξη 18 Εισαγωγή στα Ψηφιακά Συστήματα: Μέρος Δ. 10 Νοεμβρίου, 2003 Μαρία Κ. Μιχαήλ, Ph.D. Λέκτορας. T ΜΗΜΑ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΤΩΝ ΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ. Περίληψη. Combinational Binary Addition

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ΗΜΥ 100: Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία Διάλεξη 18 Εισαγωγή στα Ψηφιακά Συστήματα: Μέρος Δ

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  1. ΗΜΥ 100: Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία Διάλεξη 18Εισαγωγή στα Ψηφιακά Συστήματα: Μέρος Δ 10 Νοεμβρίου, 2003 Μαρία Κ. Μιχαήλ, Ph.D. Λέκτορας TΜΗΜΑ ΗΛΕΚΤΡΟΛΟΓΩΝ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΩΝ ΥΠΟΛΟΓΙΣΤΩΝΠΟΛΥΤΕΧΝΙΚΗ ΣΧΟΛΗ ΠΑΝΕΠΙΣΤΗΜΙΟ ΚΥΠΡΟΥ

  2. Περίληψη • Combinational Binary Addition • n-bit addition • Full Adder • n-bit Adder • Sequential Circuits • Storage elements • Sequential n-bit Adder • Computer Design • From transistor to computer Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  3. Δυαδικός Ημιαθροιστής • S = (Χ  Υ’) + (Χ’ Υ) = Χ Υ • C = Χ  Υ Μπλοκ Διάγραμμα Λογικό Διάγραμμα Υ Χ 1 bit Ημιαθροιστής C S Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  4. n-bit Addition • Design an n-bit binary adder which performs the addition of two n-bit binary numbers and generates a n-bit sum and a carry out. • Example: Let n=4Cout C3 C2 C1Cin1 1 0 1 0 A3 A2 A1 A0 1 1 0 1 +B3 B2 B1 B0 +1 1 0 1 -------------- ---------- S3 S2 S1 S0 1 0 1 0 • This requires 3-bit addition! Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  5. Full Adder • Full adder (for higher-order bit addition) • Combinational circuit that performs the additions of 3 bits (two bits and a carry-in bit) Ai Bi Block diagram of a Full Adder 1 bit full adder Ci+1 Ci Si Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  6. Full Adder (cont.) • Boolean equations: • Ci+1 = AiBi + AiCi + BiCi • Ci+1 is 1 if at least two out of the three inputs are 1 • Si = AiBi’ Ci’ + Ai’Bi’Ci + Ai’BiCi’ + AiBiCi = Ai Bi Ci • Si is 1 if an odd number of the three inputs are 1 • You can design full adder circuit directly from the above equations (requires 3 ANDs and 1 OR for Ci+1 and 2 XORs for Si) • Can we do better? Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  7. Full Adder using 2 Half Adders • A full adder can also be realized with two half adders and an OR gate, since Ci+1 can also be expressed as: • Ci+1 = AiBi + (Ai  Bi)Ci • Si = Ai Bi Ci A logic diagram of a Full Adder Ai Si Bi Ci+1 Ci Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  8. n-bit Combinational Adders • Perform parallel multi-bit addition • Ripple Carry Adder • Constructed using n 1-bit full adder blocks in parallel. • Cascade the full adders so that the carry out from one becomes the carry in to the next higher bit position. • Simple design • Time consuming. Why? (you’ll see in a bit!) Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  9. Example: 4-bit Ripple Carry Adder C4 C3 C2 C1 C0 A3 A2 A1 A0 +B3 B2 B1 B0 -------------- S3 S2 S1 S0 Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  10. Ripple Carry Adder Delay • Circuit delay in an n-bit ripple carry adder is determined by the delay on the carry path from the LSB (C0) to the MSB (Cn). • Let the delay in a 1-bit FA be Δ. Then, the delay of an n-bit ripple carry adder is nΔ. Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  11. Sequential Circuits • Combinational Logic: • Output depends only on current input • Able to perform useful operations (add/subtract/multiply/…) • Require cascading of many structures • Costly and inflexible Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  12. Sequential Circuits (cont.) • Sequential Logic: • Output depends not only on current input but also on past input values • Store information between operations (no need for cascading) • Need some type of memory to remember the past input values Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  13. Sequential Circuits (cont.) Information Storing Circuits Circuits that we have learned so far Timed “States” Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  14. Sequential Logic: Concept • Sequential Logic circuits remember past inputs and past circuit state. • Outputs from the system are“fed back” as new inputs (usually with delay). • The storage elements are circuits that are capable of storing binary information: memory. Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  15. Synchronous Sequential Circuits:Flip flops as state memory • The flip-flops receive their inputs from the combinational circuit and also from a clock signal with pulses that occur at fixed intervals of time, as shown in the timing diagram. Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  16. Storing Elements Can’t change the stored value! Inverters Buffers Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  17. SR latch (NOR version) -- SR: “set-reset”, bistable element with two extra inputs; note the “undefined” output for S=R=1. -- Reading the logic: • Q = (R+Q’)’ and Q’ = (S+Q)’ Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  18. R=S=1 ?? • Undefined output, because • When S=R=1, both outputs go to zero. • If both inputs now go to 0, the state of the SR flip flop is depends on which input remains a 1 longer before making transition to 0. • Hence, “undefined” state. MUST be avoided. Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  19. D Latch • One way to eliminate the undesirable indeterminate state in the RS flip flop is to ensure that inputs S and R are never 1 simultaneously. This is done in the D latch: • Observe that this is a NAND-implementation of the SR-latch Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  20. Sequential Binary Addition • How can we add two n-bit binary numbers using ONLY one full adder and a 1-bit storage element? Ai Bi 1 bit Memory D Q 1 bit full adder Ci+1 Ci Clock Si Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  21. Serial vs. Parallel Addition • The parallel adder is a combinational circuit, whereas the serial adder is a sequential circuit. • The parallel adder has n full adders for n-bit operands, whereas the serial adder requires only one full adder. • The serial circuit takes n clock cycles to complete an addition. • In summary, the parallel adder in space is n times larger than the serial adder, but it is n times faster. • The serial adder, although it is n times slower, is n times smaller in space. Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  22. Computer Design • Where/How do we start? Which materials, how to proceed in the design process, how to integrate very large components, etc ? • Most basic electrical components • Transistor • Design process: Bottom-up or Up-down ? • Integration: parts, processes, human knowledge Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  23. Logic Circuits X Y Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  24. The Vacuum Tube Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  25. Bell Labs Museum The FirstPoint-Contact Transistor1947 Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  26. Bell Labs The FirstJunction Transistor1951 M1752 Outside the Lab Lab model Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  27. Logic Circuits - Functions Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  28. Latches and Flip-Flops Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  29. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  30. Basic Computer Structure Stores programs, I/O data, and intermediate data Supervises the flow of info. among all units Performs arithmetic and other data- processing operations Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  31. Texas Instrument’s First IC -- 1958 Jack Kilby Robert Noyce Fairchild Intel Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  32. Originally with Transistors Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  33. A Close Up Then Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  34. Processors Now Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

  35. A Close Up Now Εισαγωγή στην Τεχνολογία - Διάλεξη 18

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