Section 1: Election Campaigns Section 2: Campaign Funding and Political Action Committees

2. Section 1:Election Campaigns Section 2:Campaign Funding and Political Action Committees Section 3:Election Day and the Voters Chapter 12: Understanding Elections

5. The Presidential Debate The Debate’s Aftermath • First televised debate • Kennedy was tanned and wore stage makeup; Nixon did not • Different opinions between radio listeners and TV viewers about who won the debate • Kennedy won the election by fewer than 120,000 votes • Television’s effects on viewers’ impressions Television and the 1960 Election Nixon, Kennedy, and the Cold War Democrat John F. Kennedy focused on the Cold War to criticize the Republican Richard M. Nixon.

7. Conducting a Campaign • On the Campaign Trail • Candidates spend most of campaign time on swing states: where support for candidates is about equal, or in states where their support is greatest • Tackling the Issues • Candidates use stump speeches, or standard speeches usually less than 20 minutes long, express candidate’s beliefs On key issues. • Many candidates use slogans • Negative Campaigning • Candidates may use negative campaigning, attacks on opposing candidate’s weaknesses

8. Running For President Step 1: Announce candidacy Step 2: “Win Delegates”

11. Conducting a Campaign • Campaigns and the Media • Campaign’s media coordinator uses voters’ ages to determine which type of media to use to reach them. • Broadcast Media • Television, photos, radio • Media often use sound bites of candidates’ speeches • Print Media • Newspapers, magazines, especially ads • Often more detailed than broadcast; editorials influential • The Internet • Blogs, online editions of print media, TV news • Polls and Polling • Polls can show where support is weakest; show which demographic may support the candidate; influence voters

12. Identifying the Main Idea What are some of the major decisions that candidates and their staffs have to make when deciding what kind of election campaign they want to run? Answer(s):possible answer—which issues to address, where to campaign, which media to use, and which demographic groups to target

13. SimulationRunning a Presidential Campaign Who will win the presidential election? In order to run smoothly and successfully, election campaigns depend on the hard work and expertise of many different people. Using what you have learned in Section 1, complete the simulation to plan a campaign that will elect the next president of the United States.

14. Simulation (cont’d.) • Roles • Presidential candidate Charles Smith • Presidential candidate Nancy Carlson • Campaign manager (one for each campaign) • Finance chair (one for each campaign) • Pollster (one for each campaign) • Media coordinator (one for each campaign) • Volunteers (three for each campaign) • Voters of varying demographics

15. The Situation The Campaign • Future of Social Security most important issue • Smith has supported increasing FICA tax; Carlson has supported reducing Social Security benefits • 100 days remain until election • Each candidate writes stump speech; candidates stage debate • Campaign managers develop campaign slogans • Finance chairs decide how to raise funds, what budgets should be • Pollsters create poll about Social Security issue • Media managers decide where candidates should spend time • Volunteers assist staffers Simulation (cont’d.)

17. Section 2 at a Glance • Campaign Funding and Political Action Committees • Controversies over Campaign Funding Learn about two politicians who became involved in campaign-funding controversies. • Learn about the funding that goes into an election campaign and the role that political action committees play in campaign funding. • Deciding to Back a Candidate Use your knowledge to decide if a political action committee should give funds to a candidate’s election campaign.

18. Campaign Funding and Political Action Committees Reading Focus Money plays a major role in election campaigns. Candidates and their staff must carefully decide where the campaign will get money and how it will use this money.

20. Controversies over Campaign Funding • James Traficant • A Democratic representative from Ohio in the U.S. Congress, he was very popular in his district. He was first charged with racketeering in 1983, but successfully defended himself and was acquitted of all charges. He was charged in 2002 with corruption, and this time he was convicted. • Tom DeLay • A powerful Republican representative from Texas in the U.S. Congress, he formed several PACs that gave campaign funds to Republican candidates. In 2005, he was indicted for violating campaign finance laws. Campaign-Funding Challenges These cases show the need to regulate campaign financing.

21. Where the Money Comes From • Individual Donations: Largest source of funds; individuals contribute directly or by hosting fund-raisers • Contributions by PACs: Second most important source of funds • Political Party Contributions: Limited amounts funded by committees within a political party • Public Funding: Comes from federal government through income tax; only available to presidential candidates Funding Election Campaigns Election campaigns can be very expensive.

22. Campaign Finance Laws • Early Campaign Finance Reform • 1907: Congress first restricts campaign funds; expanded restrictions in 1940s • 1971: Congress passed FECA, requires candidates, PACs, political parties to report contributions received above certain amount • FECA reports must identify contributors • FECA Amendments • 1974: FEC (Federal Election Commission) created • 1979: allowances made for unlimited spending on party-building activities • Soft Money • No restrictions placed on donations not given directly to candidates • Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act • 2002: banned soft money raised for issue ads

24. Making Generalizations What is the largest source of money for most candidates’ campaigns? Answer(s):individual donations

25. Interest Groups and Election Campaigns Political Action Committees Many interest groups have a PAC. How PACs FunctionCollects funds; distribute to political parties or candidates Leadership PACsNot official campaign organizations; canraise unlimited funds Influence of PACs Allow interest groups greater voice in government; critics say too powerful Elections and 527 Groups Tax-exempt organizations that have no limit on political donations Controversies over 527 GroupsFirst came to forefront in 2004 election (e.g., MoveOn.org) Impact of 527 GroupsCritics blame for increase in negative campaigning Campaign Reform and the Media BCRA requires ads to identify who is paying for them; supporters hope this reduces negative campaigning

26. Interest Groups and Election Campaigns • Political Action Committees • Many interest groups have a PAC. • How PACs Function • Collect funds • Distribute to political parties or candidates • Leadership PACs • Not official campaign organizations • Can raise unlimited funds • Influence of PACs • Allow interest groups greater voice in government • Critics say too powerful

27. Interest Groups and Election Campaigns • Elections and 527 Groups • Tax-exempt organizations that have no limit on political donations • Controversies over 527 Groups • First came to forefront in 2004 election (e.g., MoveOn.org) • Impact of 527 Groups • Critics blame for increase in negative campaigning • Campaign Reform and the Media • BCRA requires ads to identify who is paying for them • Supporters hope this reduces negative campaigning

30. Identifying Supporting Details Explain why many interest groups have PACs and the roles that these PACs play in election campaigns. Answer(s):possible answer—Interest groups use PACs to donate money to candidates and parties, thereby increasing the interest groups’ influence. PACs contribute money to candidates running for office.

33. The Recount Controversy Bush v. Gore • Florida officials used machines to recount ballots; results showed Bush as the winner • Democrats asked for hand recount; high number of faulty ballots • Each party filed lawsuit to force or prevent recounts • Florida Supreme Court ordered hand recount; decision was appealed • U.S. Supreme Court declared Florida Supreme Court’s order unconstitutional • Gore accepts defeat Election 2000 A Historic Election Night The results hinged on which candidate won Florida and its 25 electoral votes. After announcing different winners several times, the media could not declare a winner. It took more than a month before the outcome in Florida was decided.

35. WHAT DO YOU THINK? 1. Do you think the media was helpful or harmful to the 2000 election results? Explain. 2. Were there flaws with the Florida ballots? Explain. 3. Should there have been a recount in Florida? Why or why not?

36. Contrasting What is the difference between poll workers and poll watchers? Answer(s):Poll workers are paid by local election officials to manage the voting process on election day. Poll watchers are sent by parties to ensure the election is run fairly and, if possible, to determine who has not yet voted.

37. The Voting Process • Steps to Voting • Registering to Vote Americans must take initiative to register • Casting a Ballot Done either by casting paper ballot or by using mechanical voting machine One Person, One Vote • Reapportionment Redistribution of congressional seats due to population changes • Redistricting Drawing new boundaries for legislative districts Campaigns on Election Day • Election Day Activities Level of activity in an area depends on candidate’s or opponent’s level of support • Getting Out the Vote Volunteers phone supporters to remind them to vote

40. Identifying Supporting Details What is the reason for reapportionment? Answer(s):changes in population among the states

41. Presidential Campaign • Step 1: Individual DECLARES/Announces decision to run • New candidate? Challenger • RUNNING FOR RE-ELECTION? ENCUMBANT • Step 2: CANDIDATE CAMPAIGNS TO GAIN DELEGATES • Step 3: Primary season • DIRECT PRIMARIES: SECRET BALLOT • OPEN: ANYBODY CAN VOTE FOR ANY PARTY • CLOSED: ONLY REGISTERED PARTY MEMBERS VOTE • CAUCUS: SERIES OF MEETINGS WITH OPEN VOTING

42. Presidential Campaign • Step 4: NOMINATING CONVENTION • With majority of delegates: Nominee clear cut • No majority: Contested convention • PARTY BUILD PLATFORM- IDENTIFY KEY ISSUES AND PROGRAMS • Step 5: General Election • FIRST TUESDAY AFTER FIRST MONDAY IN NOVEMBER

43. Beyond the Right to Vote Voting Rights and Responsibilities • Voting rights extended several times in U.S. history • Voting Rates • 45 percent of eligible voters vote in presidential elections, less in nonpresidential or local elections • Voters under 25 least likely to vote • Impact of Voting • Biggest impact of voting on local elections, which have the most direct effect on people’s lives • Working on Campaigns • Activities include working in campaign office, making phone calls, talking to voters • Working at the Polls • Poll workers (hired employees) and Poll watchers (volunteers) at polls on election day • Becoming a Candidate • One way citizens can become more involved Political Participation The United States is a democratic republic. In order to function well, its citizens must participate in politics.

47. All White African Asian Hispanic American

48. What is the Electoral College? • The Electoral College is a group of people who elect the President • Number of electors based on reps in Congress • PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE NEEDS MIN 270 ELECTORAL VOTES TO WIN • NO 270? HOUSE OF REP DECIDES

49. Why have the Electoral College? • Choices: Popular vote vs. Parliamentary • Popular vote: Writers of Constitution did not trust average American to choose President • Parliamentary: Legislative branch too strong • Compromise: State electors chosen by popular vote • Federal system: Protects rights of states

50. https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2016/nov/08/us-election-2016-results-live-clinton-trump?view=map&type=presidentialhttps://www.theguardian.com/us-news/ng-interactive/2016/nov/08/us-election-2016-results-live-clinton-trump?view=map&type=presidential