Familiarization with Apparatus/Equipment in the Chemistry Laboratory

1. FamiliarizationwithApparatus/Equipmentin theChemistry Laboratory

2. Apparatus/Equipment are used in many different ways: • As containers • For measuring mass • For measuring volume • For support • As guide for flow • As source of heat • For picking-up Objects • In Other Ways

3. No lab would be complete without a Beaker. It’s a Multipurpose and essential in the lab. Used as Containers Description: • The flat bottom and spout allow this piece of glassware to be stable on the lab bench or hot plate, plus it's easy to pour a liquid without making a mess. Beakers are also easy to clean. • Most beakers are made from borosilicate glass Function/Use: • reaction container • holds liquid or solid samples • to catch liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations • for mixing • to heat liquids

4. Used as Containers Test Tube Description: • round-bottom cylinders • usually made of borosilicate glass so that they can withstand temperature changes and resist reaction with chemicals. • several sizes • sometimes called culture tubes (a test tube without a lip). Function/Use: • for holding small samples or mixtures (liquid, solid and gas) • for containing small-scale reactions.

5. Used as Containers Erlenmeyer Flask is one of the most common and useful pieces of chemistry lab glassware. Description: • flat-bottomed, cone-shaped flask (stable on table) • usually made of borosilicate glass (can be heated over a flame or autoclaved) • most common sizes: 250 mL & 500 mL Function/Use: • to measure large volume • mix and store chemicals • used to heat liquids (wide bottom allows faster heating because of the greater surface area exposed to the heat) • also used to catch filtrates.

6. Used as Containers Florence Flask (also called boiling flask) Description: • round-bottom • borosilicate glass container with thick walls, capable of withstanding temperature changes. Function/Use: • used for heating subtances that need to be heated evenly • bulbed-bottom allows the heat to distribute through the liquid more evenly • mostly used in distillation experiments.

7. Used as Containers Description: • long, thin neck with a line for measuring a specified volume • usually have flat bottoms • usually made of borosilicate glass • typical sizes: 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 mL Function/Use: • to measure one specific volume of liquid • to make precise dilutions • mostly used in mixing solutions where a one liter or one half a liter is needed Volumetric Flasks

8. Used as Containers Petri dishes come as a set. Description: • flat bottom dish and a flat lid that rests loosely over the bottom • made from a borosilicate glass, such as Pyrex or Kimax • plastic petri dishes also are available Function/Use: • commonly are used for culturing bacteria in a microbiology lab, containing small living specimens, and holding chemical samples.

9. Reagent Bottles Used as Containers Description: • Glass bottles with ground glass stoppers • some are made of plastic Function/Use: • to store stock solutions of chemicals • for mixing • for displaying.

10. Used as Containers Description: • concave dishes that have a variety of uses • cannot resist high temperature. It should never be heated. Function/Use: • for holding small samples for observation under a low-power microscope • As lids flasks, beakers or evaporating dishes. • for evaporating liquid off of samples, such as growing seed crystals • hold solids when being weighed or transported Watch Glass

11. Used as Containers Description: • round bottom flask • the end of the neck of the flask is typically a conical ground glass joint. Function/Use: • often used when even heating or boiling of a sample is needed. Erlenmeyer Bulb

12. Used as Containers Description: • cup-shaped piece of laboratory glassware • they come with lids Function/Use: • used to hold small amount of solid substance which are to be heated to high temperatures Crucible (with cover)

13. Used as Containers Description: • wide porcelain dish • highly resistant to high temperatures Function/Use: • used to hold small amount of substance that needs heating in order to evaporate liquids. Evaporating Dish

14. Used as Containers Description: • Made of plastic (can be squeezed) • has narrow tube from bottom (inside) that extends out of the bottle (pointed tip) to dispense as squeezed Function/Use: • for dispensing small quantities of distilled water. • to rinse off chemical substances from containers especially in qualitative analysis Wash Bottles

15. Used for Measuring Mass Description: • Has a metal pan on the left • With three sliders on the three beams Function/Use: • to measure masses very precisely (the reading error is 0.05 gram Triple Beam Balance

16. Used for Measuring Mass Analytical Balance Description: • an electronic scale • has a weighing pan inside a glass case • has adjustable feet, level indicator , on/off switch, LCD Display , zero switch, mode switch and tare switch Function/Use: • measures mass of an object to an accuracy of ± 0.0001 grams (0.1 mg precision)

17. Used for Measuring Volume GraduatedCylinder Description: • usually are made from borosilicate glass • Common sizes are 10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 mL Function/Use: • used to measure volumes accurately to the nearest 0.1 mL • can be used to calculate the density of an object if its mass is known

18. Used for Measuring Volume measures large volumes up to an accuracy within 10% Beaker

19. Used for Measuring Volume ErlenmeyerFlask measures large volumes up to an accuracy within 10%

20. Used for Measuring Volume Volumetric Flask measures one specific volume with high precision

21. Used for Measuring Volume Buret (or Burette) Description: a graduated tube of glassware that has a stopcock at its bottom end Function/Use: • used to dispense precise volumes of liquid reagents. • used in titrations to measure precisely how much liquid is used. • used for addition of a precise volume of liquid to the nearest 0.01 mL • used for chemical calculations based on the volume measured

22. Used for Measuring Volume

23. Used for Measuring Volume Pipets (Pipettes) Description: • are droppers calibrated to deliver a specific volume • There are many different types of pipets: disposable, reusable, autoclavable, and manual. • may be made of glass or plastic. • This type of pipet is marked like graduated cylinders. Function/Use: • to measure and transfer small volumes.

24. Used for Measuring Volume Pipets (Pipettes)

25. Used for Measuring Volume Description: • has a line to mark a specific volume • precise apparatus Function/Use: • this type of pipet is filled to a line to reliably deliver one volume again and again. • to measure and transfer a specific volume. Volumetric Pipets

26. Used as Support Description: • Made of wood or plastic • have slots for test tubes to stand upright or inverted Function/Use: • to hold test tubes while reactions happen in them or while they are not needed. Test tube Rack

27. Wire Gauze Used as Support Description: • wire mesh with a fire-proof sheet (circle) in the middle to spread flame • Stiff-meshed wire woven together Function/Use: • used on a ring to support beakers to be heated by Bunsen burners • used to spread heat of a burner flame

28. Clay Triangle Used as Support Description: • a wire frame with a triangular shape • with hollow porcelain cylinders on the 3 sides Function/Use: • are placed on a ring attached to a ring stand as a support for a funnel, crucible, or evaporating dish.

29. Used as Support Tripod Description: • A three-legged apparatus with a circular top frame • made of metal Function/Use: • used as a support for the vessel to be heated

30. Used as Support Description: • made of iron or steel • An iron stand is a long metal rod with a flat rectangular base. • an iron ring is a metal ring attached to a stand by a screw. Function/Use: • iron stand supports the iron ring when heating substances or mixtures in a flask or beaker (using a Bunsen burner) • clamps can also be used to hold glasswares on the iron ring Iron Stand with Iron Ring

31. Used as Support Iron Stand Description: • made of iron or steel • a long metal rod with a flat rectangular base. Function/Use: • Ring stand with clamps (such as buret clamps) are for holding pieces of glassware in place.

32. Buret Clamps Used as Support Description: • made metal or hard plastic • symmetrical fastening device Function/Use: • a device for holding or supporting glasswares (such as burets) or fastening them together.

33. Used as Support Extension Clamps Description: • made metal • fastening device with one end holds and the other is attached to the iron ring by a screw Function/Use: • a device for holding or supporting glasswares (such as flasks)

34. Used as Guide for Flow Funnel Description: • a conical piece of glassware that terminates in a narrow tube • made of any material (such as plastic or glass) Function/Use: • for directing liquid flow from one container to another • to transfer substances into containers that have narrow mouths • for filtering when equipped with filter paper. • used to transfer solids and liquids without spilling

35. Used as Guide for Flow Funnel

36. Used as Guide for Flow Funnel

37. Used as Guide for Flow Thistle Tube Description: • a piece of chemistry glassware consisting of a long tube with a reservoir and funnel-like opening at one end. Function/Use: • may be used to add liquid through a stopper to an existing apparatus (small hole).

38. Used as Guide for Flow Description: • rubber hose Function/Use: • used to connect apparatus to allow flow of liquid solid or gas such as in a Bunsen burner Rubber Tube

39. Used as Guide for Flow Description: Function/Use: • to Glass Tubes Description: • hollow glass tube (bent or straight) Function/Use: • used to connect apparatus to allow flow of liquid, solid or gas

40. Used as Guide for Flow Glass Tubes

41. Used as Source of Heat Bunsen Burner Description: • a device that produces flame from a nozzle of a vertical metal barrel. • has a needle valve connected to a rubber hose for gas flow into the barrel where it mixes with air that comes through the rotating air inlet. • has a flat circular metal base Function/Use: • used for heating (exposing objects to flame), sterilization, and combustion

42. Used as Source of Heat Hot Plate Description: • an adjustable heating source • essentially an electric stove top Function/Use: • for heating substances in flat-bottomed containers such as beakers and Erlenmeyer flasks

43. Used as Source of Heat Hot Plate

44. Used for Picking-up Objects Description: • handheld, hinged instrument • Similar to tweezers • Made of metal Function/Use: • holds or pick up small objects Forceps

45. Used for Picking-up Objects Crucible Tongs Description: • have 2 long arms terminating in a pivot point then extends to the handle. • made of metal • scissor-shaped Function/Use: • similar in function to forceps (to hold many different things) but are useful for larger items such as flasks, crucibles, and evaporating dishes especially when they are hot.

46. Used for Picking-up Objects Test Tube Holder Description: • made of wire shaped in way that it can grip Function/Use: • for holding test tubes when tubes are hot or should not be touched

47. Used in Other Ways Test Tube Brush Description: • a couple of wires spun together with bristles on one end in the shape of a test tube • a device, made with nylon bristles attached to a twisted-wire shaft Function/Use: • to easily clean the inside of a test tube

48. Used in Other Ways Stoppers (Corks) Description: • most are made of rubber • many different sizes • some have holes while some don’t Function/Use: • to seal containers • stoppers with holes are used with thermometers and/or other probes or tubes (glass or rubber)

49. Used in Other Ways Thermometers in Stoppers

50. Used in Other Ways Thermometer Description: • a graduated glass tube with alcohol (or mercury) inside the tube that rises or lowers depending on how hot or cold its surrounding is Function/Use: • used to measure temperature of solids, liquids, and gases • they are usually in oC (Celsius), but can also be in oF (Fahrenheit)