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Topic 3: Data Basics

Learn about different types of variables, observations, and data matrices. Explore examples of categorical and quantitative variables. Understand the concepts of association and independence among variables.

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Topic 3: Data Basics

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  1. Topic 3: Data Basics

  2. First Bag Second Bag Third Bag

  3. Observations, variables, and data matrices

  4. Data Matrix Example of data that might be collected from a first-day survey of students: Variable Case Observation

  5. Types of variables All variables Categorical Observations belong to a set of distinct categories Quantitative Observations are numerical values that represent different magnitudes Continuous Possible values form an interval like [0, 10] Discrete Possible values form a set of separate numbers like 1, 2, 3, … Regular Categorical Categories have no natural ordering Ordinal Categories have a natural ordering

  6. Examples of variables gender – categorical, regular sleep - numerical, continuous bedtime - categorical, ordinal countries - numerical, discrete dread - categorical, ordinal

  7. independent variables

  8. Association between variables Does there appear to be an association between a possum’s head length and skull width? skull width (mm) head length (mm)

  9. Relationships among variables Does there appear to be a relationship between hours of study per week and GPA?

  10. Independent Variables If there is little to no evidence that two variables are associated, then they are said to be independent.

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