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Biotechnology

Learn about biotechnology techniques like DNA extraction, restriction enzymes, gel electrophoresis, and PCR. Explore the applications of recombinant DNA technology in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, forensics, and medicine. Discover the dangers of genetic engineering including pathogens, eugenics, stem cells, legal questions, genetic screening, and GMOs.

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Biotechnology

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  1. Biotechnology

  2. Altering an organism's genetic code so that it produces desired protein

  3. B. Techniques to Locate and Identify DNA 1. DNA Extraction

  4. 2. Restriction Enzymes- enzymes that cut DNA at a specific base sequence

  5. Restriction Enzymes

  6. Contributions of Salvador Luria Early biochemistry work was conducted on organisms with small genomes like E. coli and viruses that prey upon them A plate with nutrient agar would be inoculated with bacteria and they would be allowed to grow until they covered the plate Later, phages were added and they would attack and kill the bacteria leaving empty spots on the plate called plaques

  7. Salvador Luria’s Observation and Hypothesis • Luria observed some bacteria that were unaffected when exposed to phages • Luria hypothesized that these bacteria had some type of primitive immune system that restricted phage growth • Contributions of Daniel Nathans He realized because DNA has a negative charge, restriction fragments could be separated using an electric current

  8. Bacteria Evolved Restriction Enzymes In order to reproduce, viruses must attach to a host cell The virus then injects it’s DNA into the host cell Viral DNA Phage Host Cell Restriction Enzyme Host Cell DNA

  9. How Restriction Enzymes Protect Bacteria Restriction enzymes bind with the viral DNA at specific base sequences called recognition sites The viral DNA is cut at specific sites called restriction sites which destroys it and protects the bacteria from infection

  10. Naming Restriction Enzymes EcoR I EgenusEchericia Cospeciescoli RStrainR IOrder found1st BamH I BgenusBacillus amspeciesamyloliquefaciens HStrainH IOrder found1st Hind III Hgenus Haemophilous inspeciesinfluenzea dStraind IIIOrder found3rd

  11. 3. Gel Electrophoresis- separating cut DNA fragments by size using an electric current

  12. 4. PCR- Polymerase Chain Reaction- allows specific DNA fragments to be copied millions of times

  13. 5. RFLPs- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism • Used to identify DNA when a mutation adds or deletes a restriction site • Gel electrophoresis separates the DNA fragments and mutations are identified by an abnormal number of fragments 6. VNTRs & STRPs- similar to RFLP analysis, but uses highly variable, non-coding sequences of DNA

  14. C. Techniques for Inserting DNA 1. Heat Shock Transformation- rapid temperature fluctuation of cell walls that pushes DNA into a bacterial cell

  15. 2. Microinjection- thin needles insert DNA into cells

  16. D. Uses of Recombinant DNA Technology • Pharmaceuticals- Humilin, TPA, interferon, TNF, Artificial hemoglobin, human growth hormone • Agriculture- incide, Flavr-saver tomatoes, frost resistance, salt resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, nitrogen fixation • Forensics- DNA finger printing • Medical- gene therapy

  17. E. Dangers of Genetic Engineering 1. Pathogens- disease causing organisms

  18. 2. Eugenics- should we control or alter our own genome?

  19. 3. Stem Cells- growing new human tissues from cell derived from fertilized eggs

  20. 4. Legal Questions- can/should we patent life?

  21. 5. Genetic Screening- who would get the results of the tests and how could test results be used?

  22. 6. GMOs- Genetically modified organisms

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