America's Path to Imperialism in the 19th Century

1. Chapter 23 From Isolation to Imperialism

2. Essential Question: Why did America join the imperialist club at the end of the 19c?

3. Three reasons the U. S. moved from isolation to imperialism. • Economic growth • Military growth (strong army and navy were needed to protect economic interests) • Anglo-Saxon –superiority The White Man’sBurden

4. Key Concepts: • Interest in global affairs centered mostly on economics – U.S. began to export more than it imported

5. Reasons for disinterest: • Believed America was unique and did not like the aristocratic/decadent society of Europe • Lingering attitudes from previous wars (Revolution, Napoleonic Wars) • Resentment of attitudes toward U.S. during Civil War • Europe posed no threat to U.S militarily

6. Large Policy (coveting colonies) • 1867 U.S. purchased Alaska from Russian (7.2 Million) • 1867 acquired Midway Islands • Secretary of State William Seward – interested in Cuba and Hawaii • Congress rejected a treaty to annex Dominican Republic

7. Alaska and Hawaii

8. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867 $7.2 million

9. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

10. Darwin’s Theory and foreign policy • John Fiske – democracy – the “fittest” system – destined to spread worldwide • Josiah Strong – (1885) racist and religious justifications – spread Anglo-Saxon values

11. Empire in the Pacific – • Trade was open to China – Missionaries (U.S. continued with ban on Chinese immigration) • Japan opened to trade by Commodore Perry • Hawaii important way station in the Pacific

12. Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853 The Japanese View of Commodore Perry

13. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionariesin China, 1905

14. Hawaii • Decedents of missionaries became sugar planters and dominated the islands • 1875 agreement allowed duty free sugar to US. – Hawaii agreed not to give any foreign power control of the islands • U.S. gained naval base at Pearl Harbor • U.S. used base to gain foothold in Samoan Islands • 1891 Queen Liliuokalani – became Queen and attempted to rule as absolute monarch • Queen deposed with help from U.S. Navy – new government asked for annexation with U.S. • Annexation was first rejected because the people of Hawaii objected – • Hawaii annexed after war broke out with Spain (feared other powers might take control

15. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for the Hawaiians!

16. Latin America • More interested in Latin America because of economic interest – location – Monroe Doctrine • U.S. insisted on “policing” problems in Latin America

17. Cuban Revolution • Cuba – Spanish colony – 1895 –Cubans began a revolt • Spanish military (Weyler) used brutal tactics to put down revolt (concentration camps) • U.S. supported Cuban rebels • U.S. had $50 million investment in sugar plantations • Yellow journalists exaggerated the horrors of the revolt (Pulitzer and Hearst) • U.S.S. Maine sent to protect American interests – explosion killed 260 crewmen • McKinley opposed intervention The de Lôme Letter The U.S.S. Maine

18. “Yellow Journalism” “You furnish the pictures, I’ll furnish the war William Randolph Hearst Frederic Remington’s Disrobing Propaganda

20. Remember the Maine and to Hell with Spain!

21. Slide Analysis: Headline of the Maine Explosion • Why was the Maine sent to Havana? • Does this image accurately depict what happened to the ship? • What was the result of this incident? • Based on the most recent evidence, what was the most likely cause of the explosion? Maine Explosion Caused by Bomb or Torpedo?2/17/1898 New York World

22. Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy

23. “Splendid little war” • “Splendid little war” - 1898 Congress authorized military to drive the Spanish out of Cuba • Teller Amendment – stated that U.S. would not annex Cuba to the U.S. • Admiral Dewey ordered to attack Spanish in Philippines – sank Spanish fleet in the harbor – additional forces quickly defeated Spanish in Manila • T. Roosevelt led the Rough Riders • Army had 200,000 volunteers – poorly organized • Spain defeated – agreed to leave Cuba • Spain agreed to treaty that gave U.S. Guam and Puerto Rico

24. Background: USA Cuba The Philippines

26. Meanwhile in Cuba….Rough Riders… Who were the Rough Riders? Who was their leader? • Teddy Roosevelt resigns as Asst Sec. of the Navy to lead Rough Riders in Cuba • Rough Riders—a volunteer cavalry What famous battle did they participate in? • Battle of San Juan Hill • African Americans also helped spanamwar1898.pdf

27. The “Rough Riders”

28. Spain and the Philippines • U.S. had great interest in keeping the Philippines • Minority objected to overseas colonies (Twain, Gompers, Jane Addams) • Anti-imperialist – insisted that Philippines would never become a state – and it was unconstitutional to annex them (our Declaration of Independence would not allow annexation with consent of inhabitants) • McKinley’s problem 1) he could not give it back to Spain 2) no alternative to annexation 3) did not believe that Filipinos could govern themselves • McKinley gave in - bought Philippines for $20 million

29. Philippines fight for Independence • Led by Emilio Aquinaldo – fought guerilla war • American military accused of war atrocities (tortured prisoners, concentration camps, property destroyed) • McKinley recommended independence (in the future)- after election of 1900 – set up military government • Philippines remained under U.S. control with limited self- government – will not gain full independence until the 1930’s

30. EMILIO AGUINALDO, 1869-1964 1899 led Philippine-American War for freedom from U.S. He lost.

31. Cuba • Military government remained in control for short period • U.S. modernized sugar production, improve school and sanitary conditions • Platt Amendment – • Authorized U.S. to intervene when necessary- to protect life, liberty, and property in Cuba • Cuba had to promise not to make treaties with foreign nations • Had to give U.S. a permanent naval base – Guantanamo • 1902 Cuba given independence Senator Orville Platt

33. The Imperialist Tailor

34. The Treaty of Paris: 1898 Cuba was freed from Spanish rule. Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam. The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines. The U. S. becomesan imperial power!

35. U.S. and the Caribbean and the Roosevelt Corollary • became protector to the Caribbean • Most countries extremely poor, poor education and health care, underdeveloped and politically unstable.

36. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

37. Roosevelt CorollaryBig Stick Diplomacy; ”Speak softly but carry a big stick” Be prepared to use force to get your way.

38. Panama Canal TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904) -Why was constructing a canal so important that the U.S. government sponsored a coup? -How did the Colombians react? -How might this policy have influenced perceptions of the United States throughout Latin America?

39. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

41. Key Concepts: • On to the war to end all wars……