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Bonding

Bonding. Types of Bonds. Ionic Covalent Metallic. Metallic Bonds. Electrons are shared by many atoms Electrons free to move Two or more metals. Metallic Compounds. Generally high MP Hard & lustrous Less brittle Conductors. Metallic Bonds. No debate about metallic bonds

euclid
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Bonding

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  1. Bonding

  2. Types of Bonds • Ionic • Covalent • Metallic

  3. Metallic Bonds • Electrons are shared by many atoms • Electrons free to move • Two or more metals

  4. Metallic Compounds • Generally high MP • Hard & lustrous • Less brittle • Conductors

  5. Metallic Bonds • No debate about metallic bonds • Easy to identify • Will not be discussed

  6. Ionic Bonds • Electrons are transferred from one atom to another creating (+) & (-) ions • Metal & nonmetal

  7. Ionic Compounds • Held together by electrostatic charge • Very high MP • Brittle

  8. Covalent Bonds • Electrons are shared by two atoms • Two nonmetals • Weaker than ionic

  9. Covalent Compounds • Low MP • Two nonmetals • Flexible • Some exceptions

  10. Network Covalent or Macromolecules • VHMP • Extremely hard

  11. Molecule • Any compound that can exist as an entity by itself

  12. Distinguishing Bonds • Distinguishing ionic & covalent bonds can be difficult, but generally determined by differenceelectronegativity

  13. Bonds Types • Ionic • Polar covalent • Non polar covalent

  14. Bond Types • Ionic: DEN > 2.0 • Covalent: DEN < 2.0 • Polar Covalent: 0.5<DEN<2.0 • Non polar covalent :DEN< 0.5 • Nothing is absolute

  15. Coordinate Covalent Bonds • A covalent bond in which the two electrons are donated by one atom

  16. Coordinate Covalent Bond H3N: BF3 H3N-BF3 H3N BF3

  17. Dipole • Polar bonds • Polar molecules

  18. Dipole H F d+ d-

  19. Ionic Bonding - +

  20. Covalent Bonding Occurs when electron orbitals overlap

  21. Orbitals On the board Max 2 e- per orbital

  22. Hybridization • When s, p, and/or d orbitals (electron clouds) mix to make a new type of multi-lobed orbital

  23. Hybrid Orbitals • sp dsp3 • sp2 d2sp3 • sp3

  24. Electron Cloud Repulsion • In molecules each electron cloud repels other clouds enough to spread as far apart as possible

  25. VSEPR • Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion • Electron pairs repel each other to spread out as much as possible

  26. Bonding OrbitalsType HybridVSEPR • 2 lobes sp AX2 • 3 lobes sp2 AX3 • 4 lobes sp3 AX4 • 5 lobes dsp3 AX5 • 6 lobes d2sp3 AX6

  27. VSEPR Orbitals

  28. Bonding Orbital Shape • 2 lobes: Linear 180o • 3 lobes: Trigonal planar 120o • 4 lobes: Tetrahedral 109.5o • 5 lobes: Hexahedral 120&180o • 6 lobes: Octahedral 90&180o

  29. Draw the Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams for Each Element

  30. Bonding Electron Dot Diagrams • Electron dot diagrams that go through 4 singles before any electrons are paired up

  31. 1A: 1 single 2A: 2 singles3A: 3 singles4A: 4 singles 5A: 1 pair & 3 singles6A: 2 pair & 2 singles7A: 3 pair & 1 single8A: 4 pair

  32. Drill: Equate each of the following: sp3 AX2 2 lobes sp AX3 4 lobes dsp3 AX4 6 lobes sp2 AX5 3 lobes d2sp3 AX6 5 lobes

  33. Lewis Dot Diagrams • Representation of valence electrons and bonds in a molecule or polyatomic ion

  34. Drawing LDDs Draw the bonding electron dot diagram for each element in the molecule with the element with the most unpaired e- near the center

  35. Drawing LDDs • If there is more than one carbon, connect the carbons by connecting single dots between one carbon & another

  36. Drawing LDDs • Connect a single dot on one atom to a single dot on another (never two on the same atom)(never connect one dot to more than one other dot)

  37. Drawing LDDs • Repeat connecting the dots until all singled dots are connected making sure to obey the octet rule if possible

  38. Drawing LDDs • Recognize polyatomic ions • H2CO3: CO3-2 is a polyatomic ion; thus, the three Os must connect to the C

  39. Drawing LDDs • Redraw the molecule neatly making sure to include all dots

  40. Draw LDDs for: • BeCl2 H2O • BF3 C2H6 • CH4 C3H6 • NH3 CH2O

  41. Drawing LDDs • Draw EDDs • Connect Cs if multiple • Connect single dots • Recognize Polyatomic Ions • Redraw neatly

  42. Draw LDDs for: • H2C2O4 • C4H6

  43. Draw the LDD for: C4H9NO2 C4H8N2O2

  44. Coordinate Covalent Bond A covalent bond in which both electrons are donated by one atom

  45. Draw LDDs for: SO4-2 SO2

  46. Resonance Structures Equally valid Lewis Dot Diagrams for molecules or polyatomic ions that have the same shape.

  47. O O N O O O N O -1 -1

  48. Draw LDDs: HNO3 C4H5NO

  49. Draw LDDs for: • PH3 PO3-3 • KCN C4H8O

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