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Q H

Surface Energy Budget. Q E. Q H. Q *. Q G. Q * =Net radiation Q E =Latent Heat Flux Q H =Sensible Heat Flux Q G =Ground Heat Flux. Radiative fluxes are positive if directed toward the surface (gain of energy for the surface)

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Q H

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  1. Surface Energy Budget QE QH Q* QG Q*=Net radiation QE=Latent Heat Flux QH=Sensible Heat Flux QG =Ground Heat Flux Radiative fluxes are positive if directed toward the surface (gain of energy for the surface) Non-Radiative fluxes are positive if directed away from the surface (loss of energy for the surface)

  2. Soil heat flux is (usually) positive during the day (directed away from the surface, it is a loss), and negative during night (directed towards the surface, it is a gain).

  3. QG Heat conduction in soil Heat conduction: process of heat transfer from molecule to molecule by vibration The flux density of heat conducted in the soil (QG) isproportional to the vertical gradient of soil temperature (TG). k is the thermal conductivity (units W m-1 oK-1 )

  4. Some definitions Heat= total amount of energy of molecules Temperature = proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules Specific heat (c) =quantity of heat required to raise temperature of unit mass by one degree Celsius. Heat capacity (C) = quantity of heat required to raise temperature of unit volume by one degree Celsius.

  5. The axis z is direct downward, so dT/dz is positive when it increases with depth, and negative when it decreases with depth T z T z

  6. Thermal conductivity is the ability of the matter to conduce heat. Mineral matter is good conductor, water intermediate, air very poor. Mineral soils have larger thermal conductivity than organic soils . Mineral soil Organic soil Wet soils have larger thermal conductivity than dry soils (addition of water gives non linear increase in k) Wet soil Dry soil

  7. From the budget equation for a layer of soil Ds z z+Dz Assuming that energy fluxes are only function of depth (z), and that positive fluxes are downward.

  8. then m is the mass of soil in the layer In differential form If r (soil mass density, units kg m-3) and c (soil specific heat, units J kg-1 oK) are not function of z. Fourier’s equation of heat conduction Thermal diffusivity (units m2 s-1)

  9. Thermal diffusivity is the ability to diffuse temperature waves. Heat capacity is the product of the soil mass density and the soil specific heat. CS=cr

  10. Thermal properties of soils C=rc where r is soil density. Change in heat content per unit volume is equal to DQ=CDT Soil heat capacity (CS) CS =Cm qm + Co qo + Cw qw + Ca qa Where qis volume fraction occupied by mineral (m), organic (o), water (w), and air (a), and Cm,o,w,a is the heat capacity if the mineral, organic, water, and air constituents.

  11. The daily and annual periodic forcing by the sun creates a surface temperature wave which propagates into the soil • To understand the physics of the phenomena, let study a simple case: • Thermal diffusivity constant • Sinusoidal surface temperature

  12. Using this equation as Boundary Condition for the Fourier heat conduction equation, it can be shown that the solution is: Phase leg of the wave Amplitude at depth z The wave amplitude decays exponentially with depth. It is e-1(=0.37) of the surface value at zD is called the damping depth The damping depth increases with the thermal diffusivity

  13. z=0 z=zDp/8 z=zDp/4 z=zDp/2 Dowward Upward

  14. The time lag for the wave maximum and minimum to reach lower depths is given by: Where t1 and t2 are the times at which the wave maximum and minimum reaches depths z1 and z2 The maximum of ground heat flux is reached 1/8 of the cycle before the maximum temperature (3hrs in the daily cycle, and 1.5 months in the annual cycle) The ratio between the maximum ground heat flux at the surface, and the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface is:

  15. Thermal admittance is the ability of soil surface to accept or release heat following a change in soil heat flux. Units are J m-2 oC-1 s-1/2 All other things being equal, soil with higher thermal admittance will have smaller surface temperature wave. High thermal admittance (wet areas, clay, bare rocks)- relatively small temperature range Low thermal admittance (dry, sandy organic soils), large daily temperature range

  16. Temperature time=0 time=P/4 time=P/2 time=P3/4 At z=3zD the wave amplitude is 5% of the surface value Ground Heat Fluxes Temperature tendency Heating Cooling

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