Bony Fish

1. Bony Fish Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Osteichthyes

2. Class Osteichthyes • “Bony Fish” • Skeleton made of bone • Thin, flexible scales

3. Class Osteichthyes • Operculum – a gill cover that protects the gills • Swim Bladder – a gas-filled sac above the stomach allows for adjustments in buoyancy

4. Fins

5. Fins • Upper and lower lobes of Caudal Fin almost always the same size • Fin rays – rigid spines that support a thin membrane

6. Mouth & Jaws • Mouth of most bony fish is terminal or anterior end • Overall jaw movement is more than that of sharks with teeth that are fused to jaw

7. Feeding • Most bony fish are carnivores • Well developed teeth used for capture and holding • Roof of mouth, gill rakers, and pharynx may have teeth to help hold

8. Feeding • Grazers – fish that feed primarily on seaweeds and other plants • Some develop beaks to help scrape off algae or pieces of coral

10. Feeding • Filter feeders filter plankton through their gills • Tend to be smaller, schooling fish such as herrings, anchovies, and sardines

11. Internal Anatomy

12. Digestive System • Digestive System: stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver, pyloric caecae • Pyloric caecae – slender tubes that secrete digestive enzymes • Plant eaters = long intestine, Meat eaters = short intestines

13. Circulatory System • Two chambered heart • Gas exchange occurs in the gills

14. Gill Irrigation • Gills share a common gill chamber • Mouth opens, operculum closes, and pharynx expands to allow in water and the opposite is true • Fast swimmers just open their mouths

15. Nervous System • Brain & spinal cord • Olfactory sacs or bulbs located on either side of the head and connected to nostrils (smell) • Taste buds located in mouths or barbels

16. Vision • Better eyes than chondrichthyes • Fish eyes focus by moving closer or farther away from subject • Many have color vision

17. Hearing • Presence of inner ears • Chambers similar to the lateral line • Located on either side of the head just behind the brain • Can resonate/amplify sound through swim bladder

18. Lateral Line • Detects vibrations in water • Small canals filled with sensory cells

19. Behaviors • Territories – home areas that fish defend against intruders • Most common in crowded environments • Some defend as groups

20. Behaviors • Schools – well defined groups of fishes • Well coordinated with no leaders • Used a protection by confusion • Increase swimming efficiency • Advantageous in feeding • No single reason and vary species to species

21. Behavior • Migration – regular mass movements from one place to another • Anadromous fish – live mostly at sea and migrate to freshwater to breed (salmon) • Catadromous fish – breed a sea and live in rivers (eels)

22. Subclass Dipnoi • “Lungfish” • Jaw fused to brain case • Caudal, dorsal, and anal fin connected • Pectoral fins long and tubular • Air breathing organ attached to esophogus

24. Subclass Crossopterygii • “Coelacanths” • Cosmoid scale • Two dorsal fins and fleshy paired fins with skeletal elements • Thought to be extinct till found • Sometimes grouped with lungfish in Subclass Sarcopterygii

27. Subclass Actinopterygii • Ray-finned fishes • Most familiar fish • Have fin rays, swim bladders, and a symmetrically lobed caudal fin

28. Birds, lizards, turtles, dinosaurs, mammals Lungfish Cartilaginous Fish Lobed-Finned Fish Ray-Finned Fish Jawed Vertebrates

29. Subclass Actinopterygii Superorder Teleostei Bass Goldfish Guppies Seahorses Sturgeons Tuna Etc. Superorder Holostean Garpikes Bowfins Superorder Chondrostei Freshwater Sturgeon Bichirs Paddlefish Reedfish

30. Superorder Holostean • Fin arrangements make for more efficient swimmers

31. Superorder Chondrostei • Lack bone • Sometimes classified with sharks • Though more in common with the telosts

32. Superorder Telostei • Most prolific class • 96% of all fish • 12 suborders • Symmetrical caudal fin • Spines on fins

33. Osteoglossmorpha • Order Osteoglossiformes • Order Hiodontiformes

34. Elopomorpha • Order Elopiformes • Order Albuliformes • Order Notacanthiformes • Order Anguilliformes • Order Saccopharyngiformes

35. Clupeomorpha • Order Clupeiformes

36. Ostariophysi • OrderGonorynchiformes • Order Cypriniformes • Order Characiformes • Order Gymnotiformes • Order Silurioformes

37. Protacanthopterygii • Order Salmoniformes • Order Escociformes • Order Osmeriformes

38. Stenopterygii • Order Ateleopodiformes • Order Stomiiformes

39. Cyclosquamata • Order Aulopiformes

40. Scopelomorpha • Order Myctophiformes

41. Lampridiomorpha • Order Lampriformes

42. Polymyxiomorpha • Order Polymixiiformes

43. Paracanthopterygii • Order Percopsiformes • Order Batrachoidiformes • Order Lophiiformes • Order Gadiformes • Order Ophidiiformes

44. Acanthopterygii • Order Mugiliformes • Order Atheriniformes • Order Beloniformes • Order Cetomimiformes • Order Cyprinodontiformes • Order Stephanoberyciformes • Order Bericiformes • Order Zeiformes

45. Acanthopterygii • Order Gobiescociformes • Order Gasterosteiformes • Order Syngnathiformes • Order Synbranchiformes • Order Tetraodontiformes • Order Pleuronectiformes • Order Scorpaeniformes • Order Perciformes - 46% of fish