L.O. To get a better understanding of Paper II

1. L.O. To get a better understanding of Paper II

2. You will sit this paper in January. • It is worth 30% of your final grade. • It is often seen as ‘the difficult one’. • It is about how well you use sources. • Paper I (45%), Paper II (30%) CAT (25%)

3. The paper is about how well you evaluate sources … • You will get higher mark if you evaluate sources, not describing them. Comparing the meaning against Another source or your own knowledge. Saying what it means Describing the source

4. Paper II is always 6 questions & they are always asked in a similar way. E.g. Are you surprised by this source? How useful is this source? • The final question (worth 10 marks – 20% of the paper is always the same). • Over the next few months, we will be going through each style of question and practising until they are perfect!

5. Question 1 • This is always ‘What impression does this source give about ….?’ or ‘What can you learn about …. From this source?’ • This question is asking you to make an inference! This means you must say what it means – an example follows ….

6. What can you learn about surgery in 1800 from this source?

7. A typical operation in the 18th and early 19th century • Sources of infection; • Everyday clothes • No sterile equipment • Wooden table • No sterile gowns or gloves • No face masks • Evidence of ideas of Ambroise Pare: • Cold water for wound • Tourniquet/ligature on leg. Pain There was no safe way to relieve pain during an operation and so the important assistants for the surgeon were normally 2 or more very strong men to hold the patient down. Patients could literally die of the pain in an operation. Infection Germs easily entered wounds from all the different sources and caused blood poisoning. Almost half of patients died by this, giving them a worse chance of survival than soldiers in battle. Bleeding Even though operations were very quick, about 2 ½ minutes, patients still lost a lot of blood. No way to replace it. Sealing the wound with ligatures often took longer than the actual operation.

8. Skills! • No you know how to infer information from a source – here are the examiners secrets – how question will be marked: • Level 2: Unsupported inferences. Answers that don’t use the source ‘I can learn that operations were painful’ etc. [2-4] • Level 3: Supported inferences. Answers that infer things, and then say which part of the source they used ‘I can learn that operations were painful because the man is in great pain.’

9. Inference The Support From this source I can learn that there were big problems in surgery. There was a high chance of infection, I can tell this because the surgeons are wearing their ordinary clothes and there are many people in the theatre. I can also learn that surgery was very painful, the man in screaming and he has to be held down. You could also infer – bleeding, as you know there were no transfusions. Observed/was a spectacle to teach – you can see people watching. Inference The Support

10. Now, try another one. • “The great sickness came because of the filthy condition of the streets, great piles of rubbish lay about. Evil spirits came from the putrid smells. The king ordered barrels are tar to be burnt in the street.” • A description of London in 1349 • What impression does this source give you about public health in the medieval period?

11. From this source I can learn that the public health in the medieval times was bad and unhygienic. I know this because it says that great piles of rubbish lay about. I can also learn that they thought that bad air was causing disease, I can see this because they are burning tar. They did not know the real cause of disease. Inference The Support Inference The Support 6 marks!