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Grade 10 Academic Science –– Chemistry

Grade 10 Academic Science –– Chemistry. Covalent and Ionic Bonds. Science Perspectives 10 - Section 5.6 Pages 192-195.

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Grade 10 Academic Science –– Chemistry

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  1. Grade 10 Academic Science –– Chemistry

  2. Covalent and Ionic Bonds

  3. Science Perspectives 10 - Section 5.6 Pages 192-195

  4. There are two basic types of compounds. They are distinguished by the manner in which the atoms bind to one another in the compound. These two types are called molecular compounds and salts (or equivalently ionic compounds).

  5. Recall, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties.

  6. Molecular Compound - These compounds are made up of molecules whose atoms bind to one another through covalent bonds. Covalent Bond - The electrons are shared between atoms.

  7. An ion is an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons. Ionic bonds occur due to the mutual attraction between atoms with positive and negative charges.

  8. Ionic Compound - The atoms in salts are held together with ionic bonds. Unlike molecules, salts always form solids in a regular array called a crystalline solid. So, anionic compound is a chemical compound in which ions are held together in a lattice structure by ionic bonds. To form an ionic compound, there needs to be at least one metal and one non-metal. The metal element is usually the positive charge and the non-metal element is a negative charge. Ions can be single atoms, as in common table salt sodium chloride, or more complex groups such as calcium carbonate

  9. NaCl (Sodium chloride)

  10. The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl− ions.

  11. Molecular Formula for Molecular Compounds

  12. As we know, molecules consist of two or more atoms bonded to one another through covalent bonds.

  13. The identification of these molecules is through their molecular formulas.

  14. The Empirical Formula expresses the most simple ratio of atoms in the molecule. For example, benzene has six carbon and six hydrogen atoms. Therefore, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms is 6: 6 or simplified to 1:1. The empirical formula for benzene is CH.

  15. Molecular Formula for Ionic Compounds

  16. Positively charged atoms or molecules are called cations and negatively charged atoms or molecules are called anions.

  17. As suggested, cations and anions attract one another. Conversely, cations repel other cations, as do anions and anions.

  18. Electrostatic attraction is indiscriminate. That is, a cation can attract more than one anion and visa versa. The result is that cation-anion attractions form a large array called an ionic compound or salt. The bonds holding these ions together are called ionic bonds. However, this array has a very specific composition completely dictated by the charges on the cations and anions.

  19. The composition of ionic compounds is determined by the requirement that the compounds must be electrically neutral. That is, the overall charges of the cations and anions must be zero.

  20. Na+ and Cl- Na is +1 charge and Cl is -1 charge. Thus, one Na cation cancels one Cl anion resulting in the formula NaCl. This formula is called the formula unit since it represents only one unit of the vast NaCl array or lattice.

  21. An ionic compounds made up of single atom is a monatomic ion

  22. Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ Cl- CaCl2 Ba2+ O2- K+ S2- Fe3+ Br- Cr3+ O2-Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ Cl- CaCl2 Ba2+ O2- K+ S2- Fe3+ Br- Cr3+ O2-

  23. Molecules can also be ions - polyatomic ions. Most polyatomic ions are anions with one notable exception - the ammoniun cation (NH4+). The composition of salts with polyatomic ions is determined by the same rule as with monatomic ions.

  24. Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ SO32- CaSO3 Ba2+ PO42- NH4+ S2- Fe3+ SO32- NH4+ CO22- H3O+ PO43- Li+ SO42- NH4+ HPO42- K+ CrO42- Be2+ NO3- Teacher Copy – Answer Sheet

  25. Na+ and Cl- Na is +1 charge and Cl is -1 charge. Thus, one Na cation cancels one Cl anion resulting in the formula NaCl. This formula is called the formula unit since it represents only one unit of the vast NaCl array or lattice.

  26. An ionic compounds made up of single atom is a monatomic ion

  27. Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ Cl- CaCl2 Ba2+ O2- BaO K+ S2- K2S Fe3+ Br- FeBr3 Cr3+ O2- Cr2O3Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ Cl- CaCl2 Ba2+ O2- BaO K+ S2- K2S Fe3+ Br- FeBr3 Cr3+ O2- Cr2O3

  28. Molecules can also be ions - polyatomic ions. Most polyatomic ions are anions with one notable exception - the ammoniun cation (NH4+). The composition of salts with polyatomic ions is determined by the same rule as with monatomic ions.

  29. Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ SO32- CaSO3 Ba2+ PO42- Ba3(PO4)2 NH4+ S2- (NH4)2S Fe3+ SO32- Fe2(SO3)3 NH4+ CO22- (NH4)2CO2 H3O+ PO43- Li+ SO42- NH4+ HPO42- K+ CrO42- Be2+ NO3-Cation Anion Compound Ca2+ SO32- CaSO3 Ba2+ PO42- Ba3(PO4)2 NH4+ S2- (NH4)2S Fe3+ SO32- Fe2(SO3)3 NH4+ CO22- (NH4)2CO2 H3O+ PO43- Li+ SO42- NH4+ HPO42- K+ CrO42- Be2+ NO3-

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