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Developmental Psychology

Developmental Psychology. Chapter 3: Heredity, Environmental Influences, and Prenatal Development Chapter 4: Childbirth and the Neonate. Where does it all begin?. Gametes Haploid human sex cells _________________________

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Developmental Psychology

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  1. Developmental Psychology Chapter 3: Heredity, Environmental Influences, and Prenatal Development Chapter 4: Childbirth and the Neonate

  2. Where does it all begin? • Gametes • Haploid human sex cells • _________________________ • The process of sperm production in the testes of a male after he reaches puberty

  3. Early beginnings • Oogenesis • The process by which female gametes, or egg cells called ova are ripened in the ovaries

  4. Ovulation • Ovulation Video

  5. Fertilization • Upon ejaculation 200 to 500 million Sperm are released • Special enzymes Allow the sperm to Penetrate the egg wall

  6. Family Planning and contraception • Excluding miscarriages, 49% of the pregnancies concluding in 1994 were unintended; 54%of these ended in abortion. • 48% of woman age 15 to 44 in 1994 had at least 1 unplanned pregnancy sometime in their lives. • What are the implications? How can this be prevented?

  7. Prenatal Development • Germinal Period • From conception to implantation (attachment to the uterine wall) about 14 days • Embryonic Period • ____________________________ • Fetal Period • From 8 weeks through the remainder of the pregnancy

  8. Concerns during Pregnancy • Prenatal Care • Minor Side Effects • ____________ Vomiting • Toxemia • High blood pressure • Can be fatal to mother or fetus • Miscarriage/ Abortion • Ectopic Pregnancy • Others discussed in text

  9. Alternate means of conception • Artificial Insemination • Surrogate Mothers • ____________Fertilization • Embryo Transplant • Would you consider one of these options?

  10. Inheritance • Phenotypes- observable traits • Genotypes- underlying genetic • Can brown eyed parents have a blue eyed child? • Can blue eyed parents have a brown eyed child?

  11. Current issues in Child trait selection • If you could tailor your child’s genetics would you? • Eyes • Height • Diseases • Athleticism • Intelligence • What are the implications? • “let me get a Kobe, Einstein, Brad Pit, to go please….with a splash of Obama”

  12. Prenatal Environment • When does the environment start to shape you? • Teratogens • Any substance that crosses the placental barrier, harm the embryo or fetus, and cause birth defects • Can you think of some? • Drugs (alcohol-leading known cause of birth defects) • Heavy Metals, Pollutants, Chemicals • Radiation • STD’s

  13. Preparing for childbirth • The _________ Method • Originated in Russia • 4 major components • Education about birthing process • Exercise • Controlled breathing • Emotional support and coaching

  14. Labor • Is rhythmic in nature beginning with uterine contractions • At first 15-20minutes apart • Gradually working to 3 to 4 minutes apart • With contraction length also increasing • Terms to know • ___________discharge of the blood stained mucus plug sealing the neck of the uterus • Precedes labor by as much as 72 hours • Amniotic Sac- water breaking • ___________discharging of the placenta • Episiotomy- you’ll see

  15. Child birth • Birth Animation • Actual Child Birth • WARNING VIDEO IS GRAPHIC • VIEWER DISCRETION IS ADVISED

  16. Post Delivery Assessments • Apgar Score(each dimension is scored 0-2) with 10 being the highest combined score • Heart rate • Respiratory effort • Muscle tone • Reflex response • Color Apgar Video Part 1 Apgar Video Part 2 • ___________Assessment

  17. Postpartum • Postpartum Depression • Sexual Relationships • Wait until comfortable or advised by physician • Pregnancy possible within weeks • Returning to work • __________return to work within a month • 53% had returned at 6th month • 61% had returned in 12th month

  18. The neonate • Vision • Clear vision between 7 to 15 inches • Preferences for faces • At 1 month can distinguish mother’s face • Normalizes by 6th month • Hearing • Infants can hear sounds in uterus • More developed than vision • Show preference for mother’s voice

  19. The neonate • Smell • Responsive to odors from the mother’s breast • Taste • Within hours can distinguish sour from bitter as well as other tastes • Reflexes • Rooting reflex Video • Moro reflex Video • Palmar’s grasp reflex • Others noted in text

  20. Brain and Nervous System • Differences in neonate neural development • 1)neonates continues to form new nerve cells, a process that continues until the second month • 2)the billion of neurons that are present continue to mature. Dendrites grow and develop increasing efficiency • 3)myelination of neurons-reduces jerky movements to create great coordination and neural efficiency • 4)inactive brain areas, most activity occurring in the brain stem. The cerebral cortex remains relatively under developed

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