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The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology

The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology. Habitat. Diet. Why Chemistry?. Conflict between microbe and host. Vibrio cholera toxin inserting into intestinal cells. Terms and Definitions to review and Remember:.

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The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology

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  1. The study of biochemistry is necessary to understand Microbiology Habitat Diet

  2. Why Chemistry? Conflict between microbe and host. Vibrio cholera toxin inserting into intestinal cells.

  3. Terms and Definitions to review and Remember: • Atom, protons, neutrons, electrons, isotopes, elements, molecules, ions, anions, cations, compounds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, pH, acids, and bases. • Solution • Suspension

  4. Atom: smallest unit of an elementElements differ by number of protons http://www.perceptions.couk.com/imgs/atom.gif

  5. Molecule: atoms joined together with covalent bonds Electrons are shared between atoms. Covalent bonds are strong. When atoms in the molecule are of different elements, the substance is called a “compound”. http://www.truenorthgb.com/images/molecule.jpg

  6. Covalent bonds & polar molecules Covalent Bonds: sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. Strong. Oxygen is an electron hog; the electrons spend more time there leaving the hydrogen’s proton nearly naked (and somewhat positive): Water is a polar molecule Water mdp2.phys.ucl.ac.uk/ Talks/Ice/Ice.html

  7. Hydrogen bonds: • Electrical attraction between electronegative oxygen atom and nearly naked proton. • Bonds made between polar molecules. • Weak bonds.

  8. H-bonds hold large molecules together Example: A-T base pair in DNA http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Fg10_16a.gif

  9. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic Surfaces made of molecules without polar groups (e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH2.) repel water.

  10. H2O  H+ + OH-[H+] = 10-7 pH= -log [H+] Logarithmic pH 7 is neutral Ranges from 0-14 Molecules that release H+ are acids; those that release OH- are bases. http://www.btinternet.com/~chemistry.diagrams/ph_scale.gif

  11. Functional Groups

  12. Chemical Reactions • Synthesis or decomposition reactions • More when we cover metabolism. • Reactants Products (general) • Substrate(s) Products (enzymatic) C12H22O11 + H2O 2 C6H12O6 Hydrolysis (left to right) Dehydration (right to left) + H2O http://www.unisanet.unisa.edu.au/08365/timages/sucrose.jpg

  13. The Chemicals of life are large and small • Cells contain molecules of all sizes but are MADE of large molecules called polymers • Polymer: a large molecule made of many similar or identical subunits. • “poly” means “many” (polyethylene, polysaccharide) • The small molecules that make up a polymer: monomers • “mono” means “one” • “oligo” means few (as in oligomer, oligonucleotide) • In our, not all polymers are biological • Plastics are all polymers too

  14. Small molecules (monomers) and macromolecules (polymers) Ethylene and polyethylene

  15. Four Classes of Biological Molecules • Carbohydrates • Sugars and their polymers • Nucleic acids and nucleotides • DNA, RNA, ATP • Lipids • Various hydrophobic molecules • Proteins and amino acids

  16. Carbohydrates: CH2O Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, many others Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose Oligosaccharides: found on glycoproteins, in cytoplasm (oligo- means “few”) Polysaccharides: starch, glycogen, cellulose, agar, chitin, xanthan gum

  17. A nucleotide: a monomer of DNA http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/nucleotide.gif

  18. Nucleic acids are the polymers made from nucleotides. DNA tRNA http://www.biochem.uwo.ca/meds/medna/IMG/tRNA.GIF

  19. Structure of DNA http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/molecular%20biology/16-05-doublehelix.jpg

  20. Phospholipids are essential building blocks for membranes; sterol-type molecules are rarely found in bacteria.

  21. A lipid polymer: a biodegradable plastic made by bacteria. Ester bond Polyesters

  22. Peptide bond covalent bond that connects two amino acids.

  23. Levels of protein structure Primary: amino acids and the order they are in; determined from the DNA. Secondary: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet; twisting of chain in space. Tertiary: 3D shape of protein. Quaternary: more than 1 polypeptide combining to form a functional unit. http://www.contexo.info/DNA_Basics/images/proteinstructuresweb.gif

  24. Don’t forget the water • ALL living things require water • Water is major component of cytoplasm • All small molecules are dissolved in water • All large molecules have water attached to them • Cells modify their chemistry to retain water • You die of dehydration before you starve • Every polymer, every structure in the cell is surrounded by water. http://media.nasaexplores.com/lessons/04-070/images/faucet.jpg

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