Chapter 2: Neural & Hormonal Systems

1. Chapter 2: Neural & Hormonal Systems

2. Outline Everything psychological is simultaneously biological • Neural Communication • The Nervous System • The Brain • The Endocrine System

3. A. Neural Communication Our bodies are made up of billions of neurons that affect our thoughts, actions, memories & moods. • A. Biological Psychology

4. A. Neural Communication • B. Neuron - • the basic building block of the nervous system MADE UP OF: • 1. Dendrite • 2. Axon • 3. Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath

5. A. Neural Communication

6. A. Neural Communication • Action Potential • Resting Potential • Threshold

7. Cell body end of axon Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals A. Neural Communication • How it works:

8. Cell body end of axon Direction of neural impulse: toward axon terminals A. Neural Communication • Stimulus: Strong vs Weak

9. A. Neural Communication How Neurons Communicate: • 1. Neurons - Nerve cell • 2. Synapse [SIN-aps] • 3. Neurotransmitters

10. protoplasmic kiss

11. A. Neural Communication

12. Dopamine Pathways A. Neural Communication Serotonin Pathways

13. A. Neural Communication How Neurons Influence us: • 1. Acetylcholine [ah-seat-el-KO-leen] • 2. Endorphins

14. A. Neural Communication Drugs & Other Chemicals alter Neurotransmission: • 1. Agonists • 2. Antagonists

15. Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Agonistmimics neurotransmitter Receptor site on receiving neuron Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter A. Neural Communication

16. A. Neural Communication • Various drugs affect communication by exciting or inhibiting neurons • Neurotransmitters research is helpful • The body stops producing chemicals when

17. B. The Nervous System Definition: The body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system • I. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • II. Central Nervous System (CNS)

18. B. The Nervous System 3 types of neurons to Communicate • Sensory Neurons • Interneurons • Motor Neurons

19. Nervous system I. Peripheral II. Central (brain & spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) B. The Nervous System

20. B. The Nervous System I. Peripheral Nervous System • Nerves

21. B. The Nervous System I. Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System is made up of 2 parts: • 1. Somatic Nervous System

22. B. The Nervous System I. Peripheral Nervous System • 2. Autonomic Nervous System

23. B. The Nervous System • 2. Automatic Nervous System: • A. Sympathetic Nervous System

24. B. The Nervous System • 2. Automatic Nervous System • B. Parasympathetic Nervous System

25. B. The Nervous System II. Central Nervous System: • A. Spinal Cord & Brain

26. B. The Nervous System II. Central Nervous System: • A. Spinal Cord & Brain

27. Brain Sensory neuron (incoming information) Interneuron Motor neuron (outgoing information) Muscle Spinal cord Skin receptors B. The Nervous System

28. Neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks Inputs Outputs The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback B. The Nervous System II. Central Nervous System: • B. Neural Networks

29. C. The Brain • Enables the mind: seeing, hearing, remembering, thinking, feeling, speaking, dreaming….

30. C. The Brain I. Observation – helps us better understand the brain • 1. Clinical Observation

31. C. The Brain: I. Observation • 2. Manipulation

32. C. The Brain: I. Observation • 3. Recording Brain Activity

33. C. The Brain: I. Observation 4. Neuroimaging

34. C. The Brain: I. Observation 4. Neuroimaging • PET (positron emission tomography) Scan

35. C. The Brain: I. Observation 4. Neuroimaging • MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) Left: Healthy Right: unhealthy *fluid filled brain

36. C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures II. The Lower Level Brain Structures 1. Brainstem A. Medulla [muh-DUL-uh] B. Reticular Formation

37. C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures

38. C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures • 2. Thalamus [THAL-uh-muss]

39. C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures • 3. Cerebellum [sehr-uh-BELL-um]

40. C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures • 4. Limbic System • A. Amygdala [ah-MIG-dah-la]

41. C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures • B. Hypothalamus • neural structure lying below (hypo) the thalamus; directs several maintenance activities

42. C. The Brain C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures • C. Hippocampus

43. The Limbic System C. The Brain II. The Lower Level Brain Structures • Electrode implanted in reward center

44. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex III. Cerebral Cortex – 1. Structure: • Glial Cells“glue cells”

45. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex 1. Structure: • 4 Regions • Frontal Lobes - B. Parietal Lobes – C. Occipital Lobes – D. Temporal Lobes -

46. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex

47. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex 2. Functions • A. Motor • Motor Cortex in rear of the frontal lobes • B. Sensory • Sensory Cortex in front of the parietal lobes

48. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex

49. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex B. Sensory Cortex

50. C. The Brain III. The Cerebral Cortex