Ecology

1. Ecology Study of relationships between organisms and their environments.

2. Ecosystem Organization Biosphere Biome Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms

3. Organism • A single living thing

4. Habitat (house) • The place where an organism lives out its life Niche (occupation) • Strategies and adaptations a species uses in its own environment • How the species gets food and shelter

5. Population • A group of organisms that belongs to the same species • Population members breed with each other and live in the same area

6. Population dynamics • The study of the change in population numbers and the factors influencing those changes Population size Birth Immigration Death Emmigration

7. Models of Population Growth • Exponential Growth • Birth exceeds death • Population Size Explodes

8. Exponential growth – density independent Population size Time, in generations

9. Can this happen in nature? • Yes • Invasive species • Uniform habitat • No predators • No disease • Unlimited area

10. Logistic equation – density dependent K Population size Time, in generations

11. K = Carrying capacity • The maximum number of individuals that a habitat can support for a prolonged period of time • Not constant, it fluctuates.

12. Limiting Factors-factors that affect the carrying capacity • Density-independent factors • Weather (storms, cold, drought) • Some diseases (DDT poisoning) • Density-dependent factors • Food or Predators • Space or Shelter • Other diseases (rabies)

13. Population structure • A population that is 75% adults, 25% juveniles is very different from a population of 25% adults and 75% juveniles.

14. Population structure • Age structure – distribution of ages in a population. • Size structure – distribution of sizes in a population.

15. Community • Different populations in a certain area at a certain time. • Changes in one population cause changes in other populations

16. Symbiosis • living together • Three major kinds of symbiosis • Mutualism-both species benefit • Commensalism-one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed • Parasitism-one species benefits at the expense of another • Predator-Prey Relationship

17. Ecosystem • All the different populations in a community and the community’s abiotic factors • There are two major kinds of ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic

18. Biotic vs. Abiotic • Biotic factors – all living organisms in an environment • Abiotic Factors—nonliving factors in an environment • Air • Temperature • Water • Light • Soil

19. Biomes • The typical weather patterns over a long period of time is the climate.

20. Biomes are a group of ecosystems with similar climates (temperature and rainfall) and organisms.

21. Temperatures and Precipitation Determine the type of Biome

22. Is the temperature of each Biome: Hot, moderate, or cold? • Tundra - • Desert - • Temperate Grassland - • Tropical savanna - • Taiga - • Temperate forest - • Tropical rainforest - • Tundra - Cold • Desert - Hot • Temperate Grassland - Moderate • Tropical savanna - Hot • Taiga - Cold • Temperate forest - Moderate • Tropical rainforest - Hot

23. Tundra

24. Tundra • Found in Antarctica and the North Pole, North of the Arctic Circle. • Grass, lichen and herbs • Permafrost – layer of soil that is always frozen. • Very short warm season that is very wet • Many insects during warm season

25. Plants include mosses, shrubs and willow trees.

26. Animals such as wolves, foxes, hares and caribou grow thick fur during the winter to keep warm.

27. Taiga • Found in Northern Hemisphere. • Spruce and Fir trees • Growing season very short • Nearly constant daylight in summer • Many lakes and swamps

28. Temperate Forest

29. Temperate Forest • climate and amount of sunlight can vary tremendously between each season. • four types: Deciduous forest, Evergreen forest, temperate rain forest, and mixed evergreen and deciduous forests.

30. Animals include deer, skunks, insects and bears.

31. Grasslands • Tall, perennial grasses and no trees. • Cover a quarter of the land on Earth.

32. Savannas are like the grasslands except that they do receive enough rain to support small trees.

33. Savanna • Found near equator between tropical rain forest and desert biomes • Grass, scattered trees, shrubs, many with thorns • Many grazing animals • Have a wet and dry season • Plants and animals most active during wet season.

34. Animals that appear in both include: bison, antelopes, giraffes and kangaroos.

35. Desert • Deserts take up 8.6 million square miles on Earth.

36. Desert • Get less than 25 cm of rain each year • Has little or no vegetation • Driest places on earth

37. In the Desert Biome, plants (cactus) have the ability to hold water for later use and most animals (scorpion) are nocturnal.

39. Rainforest

40. Rainforest • Found near the equator • Over half of the world's plant and animal species live here. All fit into only seven percent of the world's land.

41. Rain Forests have many types of plants and animals

42. COFFEE BEANS

44. Biosphere • Portion of Earth that supports life