Vehicle Communications to Help the Environment

1. Vehicle Communications to Help the Environment T. Russell Shields Chair, Ygomi LLC shields@ygomi.com

2. Helping Electric Vehicles OperateEfficiently and Economically • Electric vehicles can help reduce • Dependence on fossil fuels • Environmental impact of road travel • Issues • Limited driving range • Recharge time and cost • Sparse recharging infrastructure • Battery costs • Vehicle communications can make electric vehicles more attractive to consumers by helping to address these issues

3. How Vehicle Communications Can Help • Data services • Range determination • Remote battery and range monitoring • EV charging station location • EV battery swap station location • Economical EV charging • Voice services • EV roadside assistance • Battery replacement • Push usage guidance

4. Helping All Vehicles Improve Their Mileage • Vehicle owners with telematics systems can upload their fuel / power usage data and receive a comparison to other drivers • Works best when integrated with real-time traffic and road condition information • Can compare a driver’s driving style and habits with the most efficient ones by vehicle make and model • Can access fleet-wide consumption and driving patterns under various conditions

5. Additional Mileage Improvements • Provides vehicle and driver with detailed road characteristic and driving condition information • Vehicle automatically adjusts throttle / transmission for upcoming hills, curves, hazards • Vehicle can also prompt driver to adjust speed and acceleration

6. Additional Mileage Improvements • Potential for • 3% mileage improvement without driver prompts • 9% to 16% improvement with driver prompts • Volume of data and real-time needs require delivering data in small increments, based on location of vehicle and direction of travel • Wireless delivery also minimizes in-vehicle hardware costs and ensures up-to-date map data

7. Using Vehicle Communications toRevitalize Vehicle Mileage Standards • Vehicle communications offer an opportunity to base fuel usage / emissions regulations on real-world data rather than tests • Currently, regulators use simulated driving conditions in laboratory tests to determine • Standards for fuel economy and emissions • Vehicle manufacturer compliance with regulations

8. Using Vehicle Communications toRevitalize Vehicle Mileage Standards • Tests do not accurately reflect actual driving experience or maintenance status • Vehicle manufacturers develop vehicles and deliver performance • To maximize test results • Not to optimize for real-world behavior • Bottom line • More fuel used than necessary • More emissions generated than necessary

9. Refocusing Vehicle Mileage StandardsCan Change OEM Engineering Objectives • Recent legislation and regulation require fuel usage reduction in new vehicles • Meeting this requirement means massive R&D investment by vehicle manufacturers • Basing fuel usage testing on real-world experience will allow manufacturers to • Refocus their engineering to optimize fuel usage over vehicle lifespan under actual driving conditions • Improve vehicle maintenance • Determine ways to retire their older vehicles

10. Less Fuel Consumption for the Same Investment • As the rules are currently applied • Vehicle manufacturer investment will reduce real average fuel usage by about 20% for new vehicles in 2015 • But if fuel usage / emissions regulations were based on real-world, life-of-vehicle averages • The same vehicle manufacturer investment could produce real average fuel usage reductions of over 35%* for new vehicles** in 2015 • Requires the ability to gather fuel usage characteristics from many vehicles over time _____________ * Based on reliable private estimates by senior vehicle manufacturer engineers ** This scenario assumes that vehicles have a basic in-vehicle communications capability connected to the vehicle network as required by E-call, road pricing, and other applications under development in the EU and elsewhere

11. Use Probe Data to MonitorActual Fleet-Wide Usage • Future telematics services can directly track fuel usage and emissions using probe data collected from vehicle sensors • This probe data can be used to determine actual average fuel consumption during a vehicle’s service life, under various • Driving conditions • Driving styles • Maintenance protocols

12. Additional Environmental Advantages fromCollecting Probe Data • Reducing fuel usage will proportionally reduce CO2 and other emissions • In addition, collecting probe data on actual emissions can allow • More effective individual enforcement at lower cost • The opportunity to set extended rules for individual vehicles • Better enforcement oversight

13. Taking Stock of Implementation Issues • All relevant technology already exists • In-vehicle technology has been extensively tested • Communications equipment is available from many equipment suppliers • Needed sensors are already available on the in-vehicle network in most vehicles

14. Taking Stock of Implementation Issues • The communications capability is waiting for government initiatives • 5.9 GHz spectrum is already allocated in Europe and the U.S. • Japan has allocated similar spectrum • Action is needed to put a qualified operator in place to build out the network on favorable terms

15. Backup Slides

16. How Vehicle Communications Can HelpData Services • Range determination • Augments in-vehicle navigation system with real-time traffic and road conditions to determine and display one-way and round-trip range based on current battery charge • Remote battery and range monitoring • Driver-accessible Web portal to check EV battery charge status via PC or mobile phone • E-mail or text message to notify driver when charging is complete

17. How Vehicle Communications Can HelpData Services • EV charging station location • Delivers location of nearby EV charging stations including queue status • EV battery swap station location • Delivers location of EV charging stations that swap batteries (no need to wait for recharge) • Economical EV charging • For extended (e.g., overnight) charge, monitors electricity rates and communicates to the EV when charging costs are low

18. How Vehicle Communications Can HelpVoice Services • EV roadside assistance • Assisted calls from EV drivers to a dealer or roadside assistance provider in the event of a breakdown or service issue • Battery replacement • Assistance in locating a battery replacement facility and scheduling an appointment • Push usage guidance • OEMs can contact EV owners with customized guidance on ways to improve battery usage

19. Communications Standards to Support EVs • Standards needed for message protocols and message sets for delivering: • Traffic information to navigation systems • ISO/TC204* WG3 (“Map Database Technology for ITS”) • ISO/TC204 WG10 (“Traveler Information Systems”) • Charging station availability and queue length to navigation system • ISO/TC204 WG3 • ISO/TC204 WG16 (“Wide-Area Communications / Protocols and Interfaces”) • Grid status to EV to guide charging • ISO/TC204 WG16 _____________ * ISO/TC204 = “Intelligent Transport Systems”

20. Standards to Support Mileage Improvement • Additional standards needed for: • Message protocols and message sets for delivering incremental real-time map updates • ISO/TC204 WG3 (“Map Database Technology for ITS”) • DSRC / WAVE 5.9 GHz protocols • IEEE 802.11p Task Group • Probe data messages and protection of personal identifying information • ISO/TC204 WG16 (“Wide-Area Communications / Protocols and Interfaces”)