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Cellular Growth

Cellular Growth. Chapter 9. Do Now. 1. How big is a cell? 2. What happens if a cell gets too big?. DO NOW Create a model of what happens when you get a cut. Use picture, words, symbols, etc. Be ready to present. Objectives. 1. SWBAT review what happens when you get a cut.

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Cellular Growth

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  1. Cellular Growth Chapter 9

  2. Do Now • 1. How big is a cell? • 2. What happens if a cell gets too big?

  3. DO NOWCreate a model of what happens when you get a cut. • Use picture, words, symbols, etc. • Be ready to present.

  4. Objectives • 1. SWBAT review what happens when you get a cut. • 2. SWBAT calculate surface area to volume ratio and relate it to the cell. • 3. SWBAT draw and label the cell cycle. • 4. SWBAT create 4 sample cells and calculate out their surface area to volume ratio and answer questions on it

  5. 9.1 Cellular Growth • Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Area Volume

  6. Equations • Surface Area: • (2 x L x W) + (2 x L x H) + (2 x H x W) • Area: • L x W x H

  7. Cell Size Limitations • Key factor that limits cell growth is ratio of surface area to volume • As the cell grows, its volume increases much more rapidly than the surface area. • Cell can have difficulty supplying nutrients and expelling waste products.

  8. Transport of Substances • Plasma Membrane: Substances move by diffusion or by motor proteins. • Diffusion over large distances is slow and inefficient. • Small cells maintain more efficient transport systems.

  9. Think – Pair - Share • If you had three cells: • 3 X 2 X 2 • 6 x 1 X 1 • 3 X 6 X 1 • Which cell has the largest surface area to volume ratio? • What benefit does this cell have?

  10. Cellular Communications • The need for signaling proteins to move throughout the cell also limits cell size. • Cell size affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions.

  11. DO NOW • Surface area : Volume :: _________ : _______ (Cell Parts) Which cell has a bigger surface area to volume ratio? 2 x 3 x 2 OR 4 x 1 x 1 What benefit does this cell have?

  12. The Cell Cycle • Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large. • It also is the way the cell reproduces so that you grow and heal certain injuries. • Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing called thecell cycle

  13. Cell Cycle • Varies between 8 minutes and one year • Average 12-24 hours

  14. Cell Cycle 1. Interphase (G1, S, G2) 2. Mitosis & Cytokinesis – Cell division

  15. Do Now • 1. Which stage of the cell cycle takes the longest time? • 2. Which stage of mitosis takes the longest time? • 3. Which stage of mitosis takes the least amount of time?

  16. Interphase • A. G1 Phase: • First growth phase • The cell is growing, carrying out normal cell functions, and preparing to replicate DNA. • B. S Phase: • DNA is copied (DNA Replication) • C. G2 Phase: • Second Growth Phase • Proteins needed for cell division are produced • The cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

  17. Do Now • List three reasons why a cell divides.

  18. Mitosis and Cytokinesis • Mitosis: Nuclear Division • Cytokinesis: Cell Division

  19. 9.2 Mitotic Phase (Cell Division) • A. Prophase • B. Metaphase • C. Anaphase • D. Telophase

  20. Label and order the cells from 1 – 5 • What are the differences between plant and animal cells during division?

  21. http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

  22. Chromosomes

  23. Objectives • 1. SWBAT draw and label the stages of mitosis. • 2. SWBAT draw and label a chromosome. • 3. SWBAT practice labeling diagrams of mitosis in partners.

  24. Chromosomes • Chromosome- • Tightly coiled DNA • Chromatid- • Half a replicated Chromosome • Chromatin- • loosely coiled DNA • Centromere- • Center of a chromosome- • where the sister chromatids attach • Centriole- • Organize the microtubules • Attach to the spindle fibers

  25. Do Now – Label the Cell Cycle

  26. Prophase • The cell’s chromatin tightens • Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. • Spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm. • The nuclear envelope seems to disappear. • Spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.

  27. Metaphase • Sister chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus toward the center of the cell. • They line up in the middle of the cell.

  28. Anaphase • The microtubules of the spindle apparatus begin to shorten. • The sister chromatids separate. • The chromosomes move toward the poles of the cell.

  29. Telophase • The chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to relax. • Two new nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. • The spindle apparatus disassembles.

  30. Cytokinesis • In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm. • In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms.

  31. Let’s review mitosis… • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter11/animations.html

  32. Think-pair-share • Try to label the parts of cell division.

  33. Do Now – Label the Cell Cycle

  34. Objectives • 1. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis • 2. SWBAT calculate the percent of time each cell spends in each phase.

  35. Do Now • Label the parts of the cell. • What phases of mitosis?

  36. Objectives • 1. 1. SWBAT brainstorm why cells have check points. • 2. SWBAT create a list of their preconceptions about cancer. • 3. SWBAT discuss treatments, causes, and cancer. • 4. SWBAT compare and contrast the types of stem cells and apply how they can be useful in science.

  37. 9.3 Cell Cycle Regulation • Normal Cell Cycle: • Different cyclin / CDK (cyclin dependent kinases) combinations signal other activities • These including • DNA replication • Protein synthesis • Nuclear division

  38. Quality Control Checkpoints • The cell cycle has built-in checkpoints • These monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. • Spindle checkpoints also have been identified in mitosis. • Ex. If not spindle fibers – will stop before cytokinesis

  39. What can happen if there was a mutation in the cell cycle?

  40. Write down 5 things you know about cancer. • http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/cancer/01_en.html

  41. Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer • Cancer is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. • Cancer cells can kill an organism by crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function.

  42. Causes of Cancer • Changes that alter growth and division of cells are due to mutations. • Changes in DNA lead to changes in ____________. • Carcinogen is a substance or agent that is known to cause cancer

  43. Types of Carcinogens • Tobacco • Radiation (UV and X Rays) • Asbestos • FDA regulates what you eat and drink is safe and makes sure there are warning on carcinogen products

  44. Do Now Explain the purpose of spindle checkpoints in the cell.

  45. Objectives • 1. SWBAT define apoptosis and stem cells. • 2. SWBAT identify cells in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis • 3. SWBAT calculate the percent of time each cell spends in each phase.

  46. Cancer Genetics • Multiple changes in DNA are needed to cause cancer • Cancer increase with age • Certain cancers are inherited in certain families (chances to have it)

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