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Physical Activity & Mood

Physical Activity & Mood. November 21, 2002. Physical Activity and Depression. Non-clinical depression Clinical depression (DSM) loss of interest, lowered mood, at least 2 weeks at least 5 of the following

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Physical Activity & Mood

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  1. Physical Activity & Mood November 21, 2002

  2. Physical Activity and Depression • Non-clinical depression • Clinical depression (DSM) • loss of interest, lowered mood, at least 2 weeks • at least 5 of the following • loss of appetite, weight gain or loss, sleep disturbance, decreased energy, psychomotor slowing, sense of worthlessness, guilt

  3. Physical Activity & Non-clinical Depression • Depression is reduced with physical activity • Effect of exercise varies from small to medium

  4. PA and Clinical Depression • Depression is reduced with PA • Effect of exercise varies from medium to large

  5. Depression & PA:Moderators • Task type • Duration • Combination of PA and psychotherapy provides best reduction

  6. Why Does PA Benefit Mood? • Cognitive explanations • Physiological explanations

  7. Cognitive Explanations • Expectancy hypothesis

  8. Cognitive Explanations • Cognitive Behavioral hypothesis

  9. Cognitive Explanations • Social Interaction hypothesis

  10. Cognitive Explanations • Distraction hypothesis

  11. Physiological Explanations • Thermagenic hypothesis

  12. Physiological Explanations • Monoamine hypothesis

  13. Physiological Explanations • Opponent process hypothesis

  14. Physiological Explanations • Cerebral changes hypothesis (Cog. Func.)

  15. Conclusion • “If exercise could be packed into a pill, it would be the single most widely prescribed and beneficial medicine in the nation” (Presidents Council on Physical Fitness, 1997)

  16. Exercise Addiction:How much of a good thing? • Can an activity associated with SO many benefits have the potential to be harmful? • Exercise dependence • Physical activity and eating disorders • Physical activity and steroid use

  17. Exercise Dependence • Number of definitions have been provided for exercise dependence that include: • Behavioral correlates that might reflect dependence including PA duration, intensity & frequency • Psychological correlates including a pathological commitment to PA • combination of both of these • People can be physically active 5, 6, or even 7 days a week who are NOT dependent

  18. Exercise Dependence • Not only indicated by behavior but also by psychological reasons underlying that behavior • Diagnosed using DSM standards for substance dependence? • Can be defined as a multidimensional maladaptive pattern of PA, leading to significant impairment or distress, as manifested by three or more criteria from a possible list of seven

  19. Exercise Dependence • Tolerance effects - increased amounts of PA are necessary to achieve desired effect OR individual has markedly lower effects from same amt. of PA • Withdrawal effects - anxiety or fatigue are seen with cessation of PA, or PA is used to relieve or forestall onset of symptoms • Intention effects - PA is undertaken with greater intensity, frequency, or duration than was intended

  20. Exercise Dependence • Lack of control - PA is maintained despite a persistent desire to cut down or control it • Time - considerable time is spent in activities essential to PA maintenance • Reduction in other activities - other social, work, or recreational pursuits are reduced or dropped because of PA • Continuance - despite awareness of a persistent psychological physical or psychological problem, PA is maintained

  21. Historical Contributions • Frederick Baekeland - 1970

  22. Exercise Dependence Research • Hausenblas & Symons (2002) examined exercise dependence in over 2,300 exercisers who varied in their involvement • Represents effects during periods of no physical activity • Symptoms: Affective, Cognitive, Physiological, Social

  23. Treatments of Exercise Dependence • Adams & Kirkby (1997) interviewed 24 physiotherapists w/ED clients • Treatments • 71% experienced problems communicating--injured runners refused to stop exercising

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