titus Reign: 79 - 81AD Achievements :

1. titus • Reign: 79 - 81AD • Achievements: • second emperor of the flavian family (Vespasian, Titus, & Domitian – the builders of the Colisseum • put down jewish revolt with his dad Vespasian

2. THE ARCH OF TITUS Built 81AD Construction: is made from a single barrel vault flanked by two tiers which support the entablature (name plate) and an attic. Made of Marble: was originally made of Pentelic marble taken from near Athens. Location: At the entrance to Roman Forum. It stands close to the highest point of the Sacred Way (Sacra Via) in Rome. (it was along the Sacra Via that a victorious general would ride in triumphal procession towards the Temple of Jupiter.) It’s a Triumphal Arch: Built to commemorate Titus’ victory over the Jews By Domitian (Titus’ brother & successor):

3. Through the Arch to the Roman Forum View from the Colosseum

4. The inscription says the arch was erected by “The Senate and the People of Rome” (SPQR) to “the Divine Titus Vespasian Augustus, son of divine Vespasian” Eight engaged columns with composite capitals (ionic & corinthian capitals) Vault: depicts Titus’ apotheosis Relief (one on each side – depict the sack of Jerusalem and Titus’ Triumphal preocession) Piers (bases) Beneath the attic is a frieze depicting procession of minor military and civil officials leading animals to sacrifice The spandrels of the arch hold reliefs of winged women - Victories

5. THE VAULTED CEILING The Apotheosis of Emperor Titus The ceiling is decorated with coffers and rosettes. In the centre, at the top of the vault, is a panel depicting the deified Titus ascending to heaven on the back of an eagle (his apotheosis). this confirms the arch was made after his death (81AD).

6. Placards showing names of conquered cities The 7-branched candlestick (menorah) The Table of the Shewbread and the Silver Trumpets South Panel: The Legions Return from Jerusalem – 70 AD The legionaries wear no armour and are unarmed, as was the tradition in triumphal processions.

7. The soldiers: • their heads bob up and down suggesting business, liveliness and depth. • the soldiers are shown in ¾ view. • the soldiers overlap making the procession looking busy. • Roman standards occupy the relatively empty upper part of this frieze.

8. Titus is accompanied by divinities, senators, lictors (officials) carrying fasces (rods of office) Titus is crowned with a laurel as Triumphator by a winged goddess Victory The Goddess Roma leads the chariot North Panel: Titus as Triumphator Content shows divine approval for Flavians Senators walk behind the chariot A genius of the Romans stands beside the chariot Titus’ chariot is a ‘quadriga’ (two wheels and four horses)

9. unlike others this arches was meant to be walked under. So it is fitting that the reliefs should represent parts of Titus’s procession along the same road. • the lower level of the both friezes is cluttered while the upper levels are mostly empty. • diagonal lines (placards and fasces) help to break up the open spaces in the upper level. • a sense of forward movement is created by the placement of the dominant image. This movement is in the same direction as a Triumphal procession would move. • high relief is used in the middle and lower relief is used on the outsides to give the pieces depth. • it seems that both processions momentarily swing closer to the viewer as they seem move around a bend in the road. • in both these panels we see the human and the divine mixing in the same scene.