PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Using light to make food

2. 0 PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere • Plants are autotrophs • Producing their own food and sustaining themselves without eating other organisms • What are we? • We are heterotrophs

3. Figure 7.1A–D 0 • Plants, algae, and some bacteria are photoautotrophs • Producers of food consumed by virtually all organisms

4. PLANTS USE ENERGY FROM THE SUN TO TRANSFORM CO2 AND WATER INTO ENERGY RICH CARBOHYDRATES(glucose). • Plants are AUTOTROPHS :make their own food • Plants supply all the energy (food) for life on earth and the oxygen that most organisms need

5. How old is photosynthesis? How important is it? • Evidence of photosynthesis exists in rocks 3.5 billion years old. • Photosynthesis is the largest biochemical process on earth. Importance? • Photosynthesis supplies OXYGEN to earth atmosphere and FOOD to all organisms

6. Light energy CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2 6 + 6 + 6 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen gas PHOTOSYNTHESIS 0 Photosynthesis is the process by which certain organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water.

7. Where in the plant does photosynthesis occur? In the CHLOROPLAST. The leaf is a foodfactory. The light trapping pigments are inside the chloroplasts embedded in the thylakoid membranes. • STOMATA or STOMA are openings on the leaf surface through which CO2 and O2 as well as water vapor go in and out of leaves.

8. Mesophyll Cell Leaf Cross Section Leaf Mesophyll LM 2,600  Chloroplast Vein Stoma O2 CO2 Chloroplast Outer membrane Inner membrane TEM 9,750  Stroma Intermembrane space Stroma Grana Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid space Where does it occur? Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts • Occurs primarily in the leaves, in the chloroplasts, which contain stroma, and stacks of thylakoids called grana Figure 7.2

9. Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outermembranes TEM 9,750 Granum Intermembranespace ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (in sugars). . Found in plants and some protists. This is where PHOTOSYNTHESIStakes place

10. Sites to check: • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/ce/m6/s1/index.htm • http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/Biology12/Metabolic%20Processes/stoma.htm • http://www.tvdsb.on.ca/westmin/science/Biology12/Metabolic%20Processes/chloro.htm • http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/ce/m6/s3/index.htm

11. Chloroplast Stroma Inner and outermembranes TEM 9,750 Granum Intermembranespace ENERGY-CONVERTING ORGANELLES Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy (in sugars). . Found in plants and some protists. This is where PHOTOSYNTHESIStakes place

12. Thylakoids • Thylakoids are membranes that look like green flattened sacs stacked upon each other. • Granum is a stack of these sacs • The STROMA is the fluid between the membranes.

13. Experiment 1 6 CO2 12 H2O C6H12O6 6 H2O + 6 O2 + + Not labeled Experiment 2 6 H2O + 6 O2 6 CO2 12 H2O C6H12O6 + + Labeled 6 CO2 12 H2O Reactants: Products: C6H12O6 6 O2 6 H2O Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water • The O2 liberated by photosynthesis • Is made from the oxygen in water Figure 7.3A–C

14. Reduction   6 O2 6 CO2 6 H2O C6H12O6 Oxidation Oxidation   6 H2O C6H12O6 6 CO2 6 O2 Reduction 0 • Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration • In photosynthesis • H2O is oxidized and CO2 is reduced Figure 7.4A, B

15. PHOTONS AND PIGMENTS • PHOTONSare packets of light energy • Light: electromagnetic energy waves that travel in waves of different lengths • PIGMENTSare molecules that absorb light energy (photons) • CHLOROPHYLLis the main pigment in plants. Absorbs the blue and red portions of the visible light spectrum and scatters or reflects back the green wave length. This is why plants look green. • CAROTENOIDS reflect the reds and yellows

16. Increasing energy 1 nm 1 m 10–5 nm 10–3 nm 103 nm 106 nm 103 m Micro- waves Radio waves Gamma rays X-rays UV Infrared Light Reflected light Visible light 400 500 600 700 750 380 Wavelength (nm) Absorbed light Chloroplast 650 nm Transmitted light 0 THE LIGHT REACTIONS: CONVERTING SOLAR ENERGYTO CHEMICAL ENERGY • wavelengths of visible light (red,blue), absorbed by pigments drive the light reactions of photosynthesis Figure 7.6A, B

17. 0 • Overview: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages linked by ATP and NADPH • The complete process of photosynthesis consists of two linked sets of reactions • The Light Dependent Reactions and • The Calvin Cycle (discovered by Calvin and Benson)

18. Photosynthesis: H2O + CO2 O2 + C6H12O6 + H2O water carbon light oxygen glucose water vapor dioxide energy

19. STEPS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • capture sun light • use light energy to make ATP • use ATP to make carbohydrate molecules from CO2(carbon dioxide) and H2O (water)

20. LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS • is the first stage of photosynthesis. • It takes place in the thylakoid membranes. • Oxygen is released, Water molecules are split. Oxygen gas diffuses out • ATP and electrons are carried to the next stage. Electrons are used to make ATP.

21. Light Dependent Reactions (In thylakoids of chloroplasts) • This is where light energy is converted to a form that can be used by plants to build Carbon compounds (sugars) • 1.The energy of sunlight hits the photosystems (cluster of pigment molecules) and excites chlorophyll (pigment) electrons to a higher energy state. Light energy is absorbed by the photosystems • 2. Water molecules split, oxygen is released. • Light energy is converted to chemical energy (ATP formation) • NADPH electron carrier take electrons from chlorophyll to the Calvin Cycle.

22. H2O CO2 Chloroplast Light NADP+ ADP + P CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma) LIGHT REACTIONS (in thylakoids) ATP Electrons NADPH Figure 7.5 O Sugar 0 • The light reactions • Convert light energy to chemical energy and produce O2 • The Calvin cycle assembles sugar molecules from CO2 • Using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions

23. CO2 ATP NADPH Input CALVIN CYCLE Output: G3P Figure 7.10A THE CALVIN CYCLE: CONVERTING CO2 TO SUGARS • ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle • The Calvin cycleoccurs in the chloroplast’s stroma • Consists of carbon fixation, reduction, release of G3P, (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate)and regeneration of RuBP

24. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS-CALVIN CYCLE • (In stroma of chloroplasts ) This is a cyclic pathway where the final products are also the first reactants on the cycle • The Calvin Cycle uses the energy in ATP and NADPH to synthesize carbohydrates. • Carbon enters the cycle as a molecule of CO2

25. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION or CALVIN CYCLE Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. • This is the “synthesis” part of photosynthesis. Making food (glucose) and trapping CO2 to incorporate carbon into living things.

26. CALVIN CYCLE- making glucose • The energy from ATP and NADPH+ go into the bonds of a glucose molecule. • Electrons ( hydrogens) from the carrier molecule are put together with CO2 to make glucose. • An enzyme called RUBISCOfixes the CO2 ( from the air) by bringing together the CO2 and the sugar.

27. LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS-CALVIN CYCLE • Fixes Carbon (from CO2) using the enzyme rubisco. This enzyme catalizes the binding of carbon from CO2 to RuBP ( ribulose bisphosphate). This is how all carbon enters the world of life. • Put together sugars using ATP and NADPH as energy sources. • The final product is a three carbon sugar called G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) • G3P is a sugar phosphate that can be modified to form glucose

28. H2O CO2 Chloroplast Light NADP+ ADP P + RUBP Photosystem II CALVIN CYCLE (in stroma) Electron transport chains 3-PGA Thylakoid membranes Photosystem I ATP Stroma Cellular respiration NADPH G3P Cellulose Starch O2 Sugars Other organic compounds LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEWED Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food molecules Figure 7.11

29. C3 PLANTS • Plants that use CO2 directly from the airare called C3 plants. Soybeans, oats wheat and rice are C3 plants. • In hot dry weather these plants close their stomata ( pores in underside of leaves) to reduce water loss. Since no CO2 can enter, the rate of photosynthesis is reduced and your crop productivity is poor.

30. In C3 plants a drop in CO2 and rise in O2when stomata close on hot dry day divert the Calvin cycle to photorespiration ( Rubisco can bind oxygen in place of CO2 as CO2 becomes scarce. When Oxygen enters the Calvin cycle instead of CO2 so it cannot produce sugars ) C4 and CAM plants have special adaptations that save water

31. CAM PLANTS • CAM PLANTS • In hot and very dry climates. (deserts) • Examples: pineapple, cactus, orchids all the “succulent plants such as Aloe and Jade plants • When stoma opens to get CO2 the water can get out. Survival depends on water retention. • Adaptation:Stoma is closed during the day andopen at night. Co2is taken in at night andbanked until the next day when it is given to the Calvin cycle to make carbohydrates. • The CO2 taken in at night stays “banked” until the sun’s energy comes in the next day.

32. CO2 Night 4-C compound CO2 CALVIN CYCLE Pineapple 3-C sugar Day Figure 7.12 (right half) CAM plant • CAM plants open their stomata at night • Making a four-carbon compound used as a CO2 source during the day CO2

33. C4 PLANTS • Have special adaptations to save water without shutting down photosynthesis • In hot climates. • Examples: grasses , corn, sugarcane • In hot climatesthe stoma closes to keep water in. It also keeps CO2 out and oxygen builds up inside the leaves. Since there is not enough CO2 the enzyme rubisco (that normally binds CO2) binds oxygen and the plants would not grow well. • Adaptation :It continues to make sugars with closed stomata. How? These plants use a different enzyme to bind CO2.This enzyme fix carbon twice to produce a 4 carbon compound which can then donate the C to the Calvin cycle

34. CO2 Mesophyll cell 4-C compound CO2 CALVIN CYCLE Sugarcane 3-C sugar Bundle-sheath cell Figure 7.12 (left half) C4 plant • C4 plants first fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound • That provides CO2 to the Calvin cycle

35. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS • Food. Photosynthesis is the source of all the food that gives us energy ( from the sun) • Oxygen production • CO2 is the gas plants use to make sugars. CO2 in theatmosphere retains heatfrom the sun that would otherwise radiate back into space

36. PHOTOSYNTHESIS, SOLAR RADIATION, AND EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE CONNECTION • Photosynthesis moderates global warming • Greenhouses used to grow plants trap solar radiation, raising the temperature inside Figure 7.13A

37. Global warming and the Greenhouse effect • Global warming is the slow and steady rise in Earth surface temperatures. • Warming is caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases. • It is called the green house effect because CO2 traps heat and keeps it warm near the earth surface. • When this occurs in moderation it is a good thing, otherwise the planet would be about 10 degrees colder all the time. The trouble is that we get overheating.

38. What are greenhouse gases? • All the cars and industries that burn fossil fuel produce so much CO2 that we now have 30% more than ever before. This causes global warming. • Somegreenhouse gases are carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4, water vapor and others • http://www.net.org/globalwarming/sea_level/

39. Web sites to check: • http://www.fw.vt.edu/dendro/forestbiology/photosynthesis.swf • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter10/animations.html • http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/harvestinglight.swf