The O rganization of M atter

1. The Organization of Matter

2. Separating mixtures • Something is a MIXTURE if it contains two (or more) substances that are not chemically joined together. • The substances in a mixture can often be easily separated from one another. • A PURE substance only contains one material and so cannot be separated in any way (unless a chemical reaction takes place)

3. MIXTURES • Mixtures are a physical blend of at least two substances; have variable composition. They can be either: • Heterogeneous– the mixture is not uniform in composition • Chocolate chip cookie, gravel, soil. • Homogeneous- same composition throughout; called “solutions” • Kool-aid, air, salt water • Every part keeps it’s own properties.

4. Homogenous Mixture • Is the type of mixture that has a completely uniform composition throughout itself. • It’s components are evenly distributed throughout the sample.

5. Solutions are Homogeneous Mixtures • Mixed molecule by molecule, thus too small to see the different parts • Can occur between any state of matter: gas in gas; liquid in gas; gas in liquid; solid in liquid; solid in solid (alloys), etc. • Thus, based on the distribution of their components, mixtures are called homogeneous or heterogeneous.

6. Solutions

7. Heterogenous Mixtures • Is the type of mixture that is not uniform in composition. • If you were to sample one portion of such a mixture, it’s composition would be different from that of another portion.

8. What is phase? • The term “phase” is used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties. • A homogeneous mixture consists of a single phase • A heterogeneous mixture consists of two or more phase

9. Phases in a heterogenous mixture

10. Phases in a homogenous mixture

11. Air Salt water Tea Brass Vinegar Hydrogen peroxide Steel Salad dressing Apple Sand Paint Granite Laundry detergent Cereal Homogenous or Heterogenous?

12. Sieving • To understand that sieving is used as a means of separating materials by particle size. • To understand that particles smaller than the hole size of the sieve will pass through, and those that are larger will not. colander sieve remaining tea-strainer

13. Hand Separation / Mechanical Separation: • mechanical mixture can often be separated by hand or • by the use of a sieve or magnet.

14. Color differences in candy can be used as an analogy for separating solid-solid mixtures

15. Magnetic and electrostatic separation • Substances can be separated from each other using electromagnetic forces. • The effects of magnets and electricity can be seen in everyday life. • Refrigerator magnets stick to the steel surface of many refrigerators, and • Static electricity causes clothing to stick together once they come out of a dryer. • These forces can be utilised to help separate materials in suspensions.

17. Magnetic Separation Magnetism affects certain kinds of metal, like iron and steel, but not others. As a result, magnetism can be used to separate non-magnetic materials from ones that are attracted to magnets. For example, scrap yards can remove scrap iron from other materials using a strong electromagnet. If you were to mix iron filings in with a non-magnetic material like powdered limestone, you could use a strong magnet to separate them back out again.

18. Sample Problem How can a mixture of iron fillings and aluminum fillings be separated? 1.Analyze: Plan a problem solving strategy List the properties of iron and aluminum and look for something that would be useful in separating the mixture 2. Solve: Apply the problem-solving strategy. Iron: Metal Grayish Not soluble in water Attracted to a magnet Aluminum: Metal Grayish Not soluble in water Not attracted to magnets Make use of a property that differentiates the metals; use a magnet to attract the iron fillings.

19. Sample Problem Continued 3.Evaluate: Does the result make sense? Because the magnet attracts iron but not aluminum filings, the iron would be removed while the aluminum would be left behind.

20. Sample Problem Continued 3.Evaluate: Does the result make sense? Because the magnet attracts iron but not aluminum filings, the iron would be removed while the aluminum would be left behind.

21. Practice Problems • What physical properties could be used to separate iron filings from salt? • Which of the following are homogenous? heterogenous? 1.Spaghetti sauce 4.Cough syrup 2.Glass 5.Mixture of nitrogen gas 3.Muddy Water and helium gas

22. One interesting heterogeneous mixture is iron fortified cereal. The iron can be removed by mixing the cereal with water and then using a magnet to extract the iron. Magnetic Separation

23. Electrostatic Separation • Electromagnetic forces can be used to separate non-magnetic materials from other non-magnetic materials as well. • This is called electrostatic separation. • A simple form of electrostatic separation can be performed using a plastic comb and some peanuts with the skins still on. • Rub the peanuts so that the skins are easily separated from the peanuts. • Then rub the comb against something fuzzy (a woolly jumper would work well) and pass it over the peanuts. • The peanut skins should separate from the peanuts this way. • When you rub the comb against your jumper, it charges the comb. This is often referred to as static electricity. • Different materials are affected differently by these electrical charges. In our example, the peanut skins are affected more strongly than the peanuts themselves.

24. Question Which of these is electrostatic separation used for? • Separating gold from gravel • Cleaning smoke out of air in chimneys • Separating scrap iron from other metals • Sticking refrigerator magnets to the refrigerator

25. Settling: • Uses gravity to pull denser particles to the bottom of a mixture • Special Case: Centrifugation • Uses a machine (centrifuge) to spin the sample at high speeds to pull the particles down faster

26. SEDIMENTATION and DECANTATION

27. Centrifugation • A centrifuge separates a heterogeneous mixture of solid and liquid by spinning it. • After a successful centrifugation, the solid precipitate settles to the bottom of the test tube and the solution, called the cetrifugate, is clear.

28. Centrifugation Close cover and turn knob. Centrifugation takes a minute or more. Note that you must turn off the centrifuge with the switch and wait for it to stop spinning, to effectively separate the precipitate and solution. Using a Centrifuge

29. Filtration: • Allows the separation of solids from liquids or gases Ex. Air filters • The solid which remains behind on filter paper is called the residue • The liquid which passes through filter paper is called the filtrate

30. Filtration Continued: • NOTE: • Filtration cannot be used to separate dissolved solids from a liquid. • Filtration only works when the solid particles present are big enough to be seen; smaller particles (such as dissolved salt) simply pass right through the filter paper.

31. What type of mixtures will filtration separate? • Filtration can remove suspended material from water as long as the pores in the filter paper are smaller than the particles of the suspended substance. • Filtration is done by passing a mixture through a filter. • The residue is the substance that remains on the filter paper. • The filtrate is the substance that flows through the filter paper

32. Filtration • Filtration is pooring the mixture through a filter paper which allows the liquid to pass through and leaves the solid behind • Filtration separates a liquid from a solid.

34. Separating Mixtures • Some can be separated easily by physical means: rocks and marbles, iron filings and sulfur (use magnet) • Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures. • Filtration - separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture (by size)

36. MAKING ROCK SALT PURE Rock salt is a MIXTURE of several substances. In order to make pure salt it is necessary to remove the INSOLUBLE dirt from the SOLUBLE salt. [Note: The method described below could be used to separate any two substances when one of them can dissolve in water and the other cannot] 1. CRUSH the rock salt using a mortar and pestle. This makes the salt dissolve more easily. 2. STIR the crushed salt into a beaker of warm water. The salt will DISSOLVE into the water but the dirt, which is insoluble in water, will not. 3. FILTER the mixture. The dirt will get caught in the filter paper as a residue and the clear SALTY WATER will drip through and form the filtrate. 4. Warm the filtrate in an evaporating basin. The water will EVAPORATE leaving behind pure salt crystals. The heat is stopped BEFORE all of the water has evaporated. This makes the salt more pure and helps prevent the evaporating basin from cracking. The last little bit of salty water is filtered out

37. Different ways of separating mixtures 1. A magnet can be used to separate IRON from SAND. How it works: The magnet sticks to the iron but not to the sand 2. Filtering (filtration) can be used to separate a solid (or suspension) from a liquid. • How it works: The liquid (and anything dissolved in the liquid) passes through holes in the filter paper but the solid particles are too big and get stuck. • Example: Filtration would be used to separate the dirt from some salty water. 3. Evaporation can be used to separate a dissolved SOLUTE from a SOLUTION • Example: Evaporation would be used to obtain some pure salt from salty water. • How it works: When salty water is warmed the water evaporates leaving behind crystals of salt.

38. Words to know • Mixture: Something that can be SEPARATED into two (or more) different substances. eg air, sea water, earth, orange juice. • Pure: A material is pure if it contains only one chemical substance and so cannot be separated further Filtrate: The clear liquid that has been filtered. • Residue: The solid left behind after an experiment (eg the solid left in the filter paper). • Filtration: The process used to separate a solid (or suspension) from a liquid. • Suspension: Very fine particles of solid mixed with a liquid. If the solid is in suspension the water will often look cloudy. eg flour and water shaken together. • NOTE: in a suspension the solid has not dissolved but in a solution it has. • Soluble: Can dissolve • Insoluble: Cannot dissolve • Solvent: The liquid that is used to make a solution • Solute: A substance that has been dissolved in a solution.

39. Quiz • You have the following mixture. • Gravel, sand and salt • Describe in steps how you would separate this mixture. • Be sure to name the appropriate separation technique.

40. Distillation Distillation is the process by which a mixture is separated by heating a solution and condensing using a cooling tube. The solution is boiled and steam is driven off.

41. Distillation Salt remains after all water is boiled off.

42. Distillation Distillation takes advantage of different boiling points. NaCl boils at 1415 oC but H2O boils at 100oC

43. Making water pure • Water can be purified by a process called DISTILLATION. • eg: If we wanted to make some PURE WATER from SEA WATER we would distill the sea water. • The water in the flask EVAPORATES and turns into steam. • Anything dissolved in the water cannot evaporate and so remains in the flask. • The steam CONDENSES in the delivery tube and turns back into water which collects in the test tube. • The liquid that condenses in the test tube is known as the distillate

44. Simple Distillation is a technique used to purify a liquid.

46. Quiz Suppose you had a mixture of iron nails, salt and water... • How would you separate this mixture completely? • Based on which physical properties would you base your method on?

47. Quiz • How would you separate the components in tap water? • Based on which physical properties would you base your method on?