Energy Resources and Consumption Unit

1. Chapter 15: Nonrenewable Energy (Pgs 370-396) Energy Resources and Consumption Unit

2. Where does our energy come from?

4. We Depend Heavily on Oil • Petroleum (crude oil) contains hundreds of hydrocarbons (petrochemicals)as well as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.

5. We Depend Heavily on Oil • World oil consumption has been growing since 1950.(U.S. 24%, China 8%, Japan 7%) • OPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (middle east) – have >60% of the worlds oil reserves (we think). Control the amount and price of oil production.

6. OPEC companies make $1.3 million / minute.

7. We Depend Heavily on Oil • Produces 9% of the world’s oil • Imports 60% of its oil • About One-fourth of the world’s conventional oil is controlled by countries that sponsor or condone terrorism

8. Possible effects of steeply rising oil prices • Reduce energy waste • Shift to non-carbon energy sources • Higher prices for products made with petrochemicals • Higher food prices; buy locally-produced food • Airfares higher • Smaller more fuel-efficient vehicles • Upgrade of public transportation

10. Advantages and Disadvantages of Oil

11. Other Options • Oil sand – clay, sand, water and bitumen (heavy oil that makes up 10% of mixture) • Shale oil – hydrocarbons from heating shale – green river formation • Low net energy

12. Natural Gas • -50-90% methane, also contains ethane propane, butane and H2S. • Often burned off in conventional oil drilling. • Liquefied petroleum gas – propane and butane from natural gas fields. • Russia has 27% of the world’s natural gas reserves (we have 3% but use 27% of annual production)

13. Natural gas – more advantages than disadvantages

14. Coal • A solid fossil fuel that was formed in several stages out of the remains of land plants that were buried 300-400 million years ago. • Generates 40% of the worlds electricity. (49% in the U.S.)

15. Coal-burning power plants • Inefficient and complicated

16. Coal – advantages vs. disadvantages The U.S. has 25% of the world’s coal.

17. Nuclear Energy • Nuclear power has a low environmental impact and a very low accident risk, but high costs, a low net energy yield, long-lived radioactive wastes, vulnerability to sabotage, and the potential for spreading nuclear weapons technology have limited its use. • In the 1950’s researchers predicted that by the year 2000 most of the worlds electricity would be supplied by at least 1,800 plants. • In 2007 439 reactors provided 16% of the world’s electricity.

19. Nuclear advantages and disadvantages

20. Nuclear Power • Deep burial or radioactive waste is required. ($58-100 billion – Yucca Mountain) • Recycling could make plutonium rich products. • Decommissioning old power plants

21. Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Pgs 399-434) Energy Resources and Consumption Unit

22. Energy Efficiency • Energy conservation – decrease in energy used based on reducing unnecessary waste of energy. • Energy efficiency – measure of how much work we can get from each unit of energy we use.

23. How can energy waste be reduced? • Incandescent light bulbs (90-95% heat) • Internal combustion engines (94% wasted) • Nuclear and Coal Power plants (66-92%)

25. Saving Energy in Industry • 38% of the U.S. energy consumption is for industry. • Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) – two useful forms of energy are produced at the same time. • Replace energy –wasting electric motors. • Recycle materials. • Switch to fluorescent and LED lighting.

26. Saving Energy in Transportation • Accounts for 66% of oil consumption and is a major source of air pollution.

27. Saving Energy in Transportation • Options: • Super efficient and ultralight cars (80-300 mpg) • Hybrid cars (invented in 1900) (46 mpg) • Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (100-1000 mpg) • Energy efficient diesel car (coal, plant material or cooking oil)

28. Saving Energy in Building Design • UN – better architecture could save 30-40% of energy used globally. • Sunlight orientation • Green architecture (roofs, passive solar heating, natural lighting, cogeneration, energy efficient appliances, recycled building materials etc.) • Superinsulation (straw bale houses)

29. Saving Energy in Building Design • Insulate and plug leaks • Energy efficient windows • Leaky attics • Heat houses more efficiently • Heat water more efficiently • Energy efficient appliances • Energy efficient lighting

30. Why don’t we use Renewable Energy? • Benefits: save money, less vulnerable, creates jobs, reduce CO2 emissions, reduce trade deficits, improve national security • So we does only 7% of our energy comes from renewable resources? • Government spends money on fossil fuel research, fossil fuel prices or deceivable low.

31. Solar Energy • Passive solar heating system – absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within a well insulated structure without the need for pumps or fans.

32. Solar Energy • Solar thermal systems – concentrate and transform energy from the sun into high-temperature thermal energy (heat). • Used for heat • Electricity production

34. Solar Energy • Photovoltaic cells (PV cells) – converts solar energy to electrical energy, thin wafers made of silicon and trace amounts of metals.

35. Solar Energy • Solar cells supply less than 0.2% of the worlds electricity, though annual solar cell production has been growing rapidly.

36. Hydropower • Dams usually harness energy from falling or flowing water. • Supplies 16% of the world’s power (Norway, New Zealand and China) • In the U.S. it only supplies 7% (50% on the west coast)

37. Hydropower • The moving water from ocean tides and waves can be harnessed by building dams across bays. (France and Nova Scotia) • Or using underwater turbines (East River in NY) • Disadvantages: few suitable sites, high costs, storm damage and……

38. Wind Energy • World’s 2nd fastest growing source of energy. (led by Europe)

39. Wind Energy:The advantages and disadvantages

40. Biomass Energy • Biomass consists of plant materials and animal wastes that can be burned directly or turned into biofuel. • Supplies 10% of the worlds energy and 35% of the energy in developing countries. • Biodiesel and ethanol can be used in place of petroleum based fuels.

42. Geothermal Energy • Heat stored in soil, underground rocks, and fluids in the earth’s mantle. (there is a lot of it!) • Geothermal heat pump systems can heat and cool a house by exploiting the temperature differences between the earth’s surface and underground.

43. Geothermal Enrgy • Hydrothermal reservoirs – deeper pockets of steam and hot water. • Hot, dry rock – 3 or more miles underground. • Geothermal energy is cheaper, produces much less CO2, but the reservoirs could be depleted and start up costs are expensive.

44. Hydrogen Energy • The fuel of the future • Eliminate air pollution, high energy per gram. • It takes energy to get the hydrogen (could be polluting), fuel cells are expensive

45. Sustainable Energy Future • New Energy Policies should consider: • Availability • Net energy yield • Cost of development and use • Government subsidies and tax breaks • National security issues • Environmental, human health and climate affects due to extracting, transporting, and using resource.

46. Sustainable Energy Future What will the energy future look like? • A gradual shift from large centralized macropower systems to smaller systems. • Transition to a diverse mix of locally available renewable energy resources Improved energy efficiency • Fossil fuels will still be used in large amounts

47. Sustainable Energy Future Governments can: - offer subsidies for renewable resources, to keep prices low. - discourage use of selected resources by keeping prices high. - emphasize consumer education