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Chemistry 13.3. The Nature of Solids. 13.3. In 1985, scientists discovered a new form of carbon. They called this form of carbon buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball for short. You will learn how the arrangement of particles in solids determines some general properties of solids. 13.3.
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The Nature of Solids 13.3 In 1985, scientists discovered a new form of carbon. They called this form of carbon buckminsterfullerene, or buckyball for short. You will learn how the arrangement of particles in solids determines some general properties of solids.
13.3 A Model for Solids A Model for Solids How are the structure and properties of solids related?
13.3 A Model for Solids The general properties of solids: orderly arrangement of their particles and fixed locations of their particles.
13.3 A Model for Solids The melting point (mp) is the temperature at which a solid changes into a liquid.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells Crystal Structure and Unit Cells What determines the shape of a crystal?
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells In a crystal, the particles are arranged in an orderly, repeating, three-dimensional pattern called a crystal lattice.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells Crystal Systems A crystal has sides, or faces. Crystals are classified into seven crystal systems.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells These minerals show four out of the seven crystal systems.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells Three kinds of unit cells can make up a cubic crystal system.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells The smallest group of particles within a crystal that retains the geometric shape of the crystal is known as a unit cell.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells Allotropes Allotropes are two or more different molecular forms of the same element in the same physical state. • Allotropes have different properties because their structures are different. • Only a few elements have allotropes.
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells Carbon Allotropes
13.3 Crystal Structure and Unit Cells Non-Crystalline Solids An amorphous solid lacks an ordered internal structure. • Rubber, plastic, asphalt, and glass are amorphous solids. • A glass is a transparent fusion product of inorganic substances that have cooled to a rigid state without crystallizing.
13.4 Changes of State
13.4 Sublimation Sublimation When can sublimation occur?
13.4 Sublimation The change of a substance from a solid to a vapor without passing through the liquid state is called sublimation. Sublimation occurs in solids with vapor pressures that exceed atmospheric pressure at or near room temperature.
13.4 Sublimation When solid iodine is heated, the crystals sublime, going directly from the solid to the gaseous state. When the vapor cools, it goes directly from the gaseous to the solid state.
13.4 Phase Diagrams Phase Diagrams How are the conditions at which phases are in equilibrium represented on a phase diagram?
13.4 Phase Diagrams A phase diagram is a graph that gives the conditions of temperature and pressure at which a substance exists as solid, liquid, and gas (vapor).
13.4 Phase Diagrams The conditions of pressure and temperature at which two phases exist in equilibrium are indicated on a phase diagram by a line separating the phases.
13.4 Phase Diagrams
13.4 Phase Diagrams The triple point describes the only set of conditions at which all three phases can exist in equilibrium with one another.
Concept Map 13 Solve the Concept Map
