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Advances in biotechnology

Advances in biotechnology. Instruments. By Glory Basumata ( MSc Applied Genetics) 2011 . Topic of discussion. Bioreactors Biofuels Biochips Biosensors Bioremediation. Bioreactors. A device(vessel) that supports biologically active environment

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Advances in biotechnology

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  1. Advances in biotechnology Instruments By Glory Basumata (MSc Applied Genetics) 2011

  2. Topic of discussion • Bioreactors • Biofuels • Biochips • Biosensors • Bioremediation

  3. Bioreactors • A device(vessel) that supports biologically active environment • A bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical process is carried out which involves organisms or biologically active substances • This process can either be aerobic or anaerobic • These bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from liters to cubic meters, and are often made of stainless steel • These devices are being developed for use in tissue engineering or biochemical engineering

  4. Biofuels • Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass • The term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases • Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as • - Oil price hikes • - the need for increased energy security • - concern over greenhouse emission from • fossils fuels • Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops

  5. Biofuels • Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases

  6. Continued……. • With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production • Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form • Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil

  7. biochips • The development of biochips is a major thrust of the rapidly growing biotechnology industry, which encompasses a very diverse range of research efforts including genomics, proteomics, and pharmaceuticals, among other activities • Advances in these areas are giving scientists new methods for unravelling the complex biochemical processes occurring inside cells, with the larger goal of understanding and treating human diseases • At the same time, the semiconductor industry has been steadily perfecting the science of micro-miniaturization • The merging of these two fields in recent years has enabled biotechnologists to begin packing their traditionally bulky sensing tools into smaller and smaller spaces, onto so-called biochips

  8. Continued…. • These chips are essentially miniaturized laboratories that can perform hundreds or thousands of simultaneous biochemical reactions.

  9. biosensors • A biosensor is an analytical device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component • It consists of 3 parts: • a) the sensitive biological element (biological material (e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc.), a biologically derived material or biomimic) The sensitive elements can be created by biological engineering • b) the transducer or the detector element (works in a physicochemical way; optical, piezoelectric, electrochemical, etc.) that transforms the signal resulting from the interaction of the analyte with the biological element into another signal (i.e., transducers) that can be more easily measured and quantified

  10. Continued… • Associated electronics or signal processors that are primarily responsible for the display of the results in a user-friendly way. This sometimes accounts for the most expensive part of the sensor device, however it is possible to generate a user friendly display that includes transducer and sensitive element

  11. bioremediators • Bioremediation is the use of microorganism metabolism to remove pollutants • Can be generally classified as in situ or ex situ • In situ bioremediation involves treating the contaminated material at the site, while ex situ involves the removal of the contaminated material to be treated elsewhere • Some examples of bioremediation technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioleaching, landfarming, bioreactor, composting, bioaugmentation, rhizofiltration, and biostimulation • Bioremediation can occur on its own (natural attenuation or intrinsic bioremediation) or can be spurred on via the addition of fertilizers to increase the bioavailability within the medium (biostimulation)

  12. Continued… • Microorganisms used to perform the function of bioremediation are known as bioremediators

  13. Questions???

  14. Thank You

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