410 likes | 551 Views
AP World History Test Review Unit Two. Religions Learned in This Unit. Hinduism Buddhism Judaism. Hinduism. Origin When:1500 B.C.E. Where: India How: Aryans invaded bringing their belief system with them and mixing it with what was in India Polytheistic
E N D
Religions Learned in This Unit • Hinduism • Buddhism • Judaism
Hinduism • Origin • When:1500 B.C.E. • Where: India • How: Aryans invaded bringing their belief system with them and mixing it with what was in India • Polytheistic • Caste System was used to create social order • Brahmins(priests) • Kshatriya(kings, warriors) • Vaishya(merchants) • Shudra(craftsmen and artisans) • Untouchables
Hinduism • Dharma- rules/obligations of caste born into • Karma- “God does not make one suffer for no reason nor does he make one happy for no reason. God is very fair and gives you exactly what you deserve” • Hinduism later spawned Buddhism
Buddhism • Origin • Who: Siddhartha Gautama • When: 563-483 B.C.E. • Where: Nepal, near India • How: Spread through lower class. Ashoka made Buddhism the state religion of India • Monotheistic- Buddha • Four Noble Truths • All life is suffering • Suffering is caused by desire • Can be freed of desire • Follow the Eightfold Path to be free of desire
Buddhism • Eightfold Path • Right Views • Right Speech • Right Aspiration • Right Conduct • Right livelihood • Right endeavor • Right Mindfulness • Right Meditation
Buddhism • Theravada Buddhism- emphasizes meditation, simplicity • Mahayana Buddhism- involves greater ritual • Spread primarily to China, Japan, and S.E. Asia
Judaism • Origin • Who: Abraham • When: Before Classical Period • How: God chose Abraham to be the first of the Hebrew people and he gave them a land to live on • Monotheistic
Judaism • Used the Torah • Believed in Yahweh • Believed that Moses led the Hebrew out of slavery • Ten Commandments • First 4- Hebrew’s relationship with God • Last 6- Hebrew’s relationship with each other • Judaism has not spread much; they are concentrated in Palestine
The Classical Empires(1,000 B.C.E.-500/600 C.E.) • High population growth because of agriculture • 2 things in common for all major Classical Empires • Have economies based on agriculture • Are Patriarchal and Patrilineal • Why do empires decline? • They get too large to control and their size and wealth make them a target for other societies
Classical China • Zhou Dynasty(1029-258 B.C.E.) • Came up with Mandate of Heaven (heavens chooses a ruler, and if you lose heaven’s favor then you lose power) • Feudalism- a political and social system based on the exchange of land or protection for loyalty and/or military service • Social Structure • Emperor • Land Owners/Educated Bureaucracy • Peasants/Urban Artisans • “Mean” People(unskilled)- punished more harshly • Talented individuals may be given access to education and rise within the bureacracy
Classical China • Warring States Period(402-201 B.C.E.) • Kingdom of Qin began expanding during the 3rd. Century B.C.E. • 3 Ethical Systems of China • Confucianism- obedience and respect • Daoism- nature and following the force or dao • Legalism- harsh punishment for wrongdoing; burned books
Classical China • Qin Dynasty(221-202 B.C.E.) • Used Legalism to restore order • Centralized bureaucracy • Unified China • Now have standardized script, laws, and weights and measures • Qin Shi Huangdi • Proclaimed himself “First Emperor” of China • Centralized Chinese Power • Built Roads and started the Great Wall of China under his rule • Demanded the Burning of Books • Used forced labor to complete projects
Classical China • Early Han Dynasty(202 B.C.E.-9C.E.) • Founded by Liu Bang • 2nd longest dynasty in Chinese history; Non-Brutal • Conquered N. Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia • Monopolized iron, salt, and liquor
Classical China • Han Wudi (Wu Ti) • Ruled from 141-87 B.C.E. • Supported Legalism mixed with Confucianism • Two goals • Centralize Government • Expand the Empire • Reforms: • Expanded Bureaucracy • Starts an imperial university • Expanded Silk Road • Inventions: • Paper, sundials, and calendars
The Decline of Classical China • By 100 C.E., the Han Dynasty began to decline because of political ineffectiveness, Social Unrest, and Epidemic • Now they are vulnerable for an invasion… • From the Huns • China, however, did revive during the 6th Century
Classical India(1000B.C.E.- 600 C.E.) • Economy • Agriculture; helped by monsoons • Traded cotton cloth, ivory, and metalwork • Religion • Hinduism • Brought by Aryans • Polytheistic/Reincarnation • Created the varna system(First 4 castes)
Classical India • Mauryan Dynasty • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya • Ashoka(268-232 B.C.E.) • Conquered most of India • Used elephants in warfare • Battle of Kalinga- very bloody battle; Ashoka became Buddhist after it • Reforms • Pillars of Ashoka to spread Buddhism. Despite Ashoka’s efforts, Hinduism is the dominant religion of India. • Centralized bureaucracy • Expanded Agriculture • Built roads to promote trade • Empire Declined after Ashoka’s Rule
Classical India • Gupta Dynasty(320-565C.E.) • Founded by Chandra Gupta • He used alliances, tribute, and conquest to ‘conquer’ • Gupta Government • Eventually destroyed by the Huns
Persian Empire(558-332B.C.E.) • Unified and founded by Cyrus the Great • Darius I (521-486 B.C.E.) • Balanced central administration and local governors • Divided government into 3 districts ran by satraps (governors) • Built the Royal Road(1,667 miles) from Susa-Sardis • Fought Persian Wars(500-479 B.C.E.) which led to decline of Persian Empire
Persian Empire • Persian Society • Women worked in textile manufacturing • Government used slaves to complete public works projects • Persian Economy • Government coined money • Trade from Greece to India • Persian Religion • Zoroastrianism- based on teachings of Zoroaster • Worshipped Ahura Mazda; monotheistic
Ancient Greece • Demographics prevented political unification • But maintained common cultural traits • Common writing system, polytheistic religion, etc… • Rise of city states called poleis • No single political system; often ruled by tyrants or aristocratic councils
Ancient Greece • Social Classes • Citizens(Adult males) • Free people with no rights • Noncitizens(slaves, etc…)
Athens and Sparta Athens Sparta Oligarchy ruled by the best warriors Militaristic Threats of rebellion by helots(conquered natives) Built military strength to protect themselves from slaves or other empires • 1rst Democracy • All male citizens could participate • No women, foreigners, or slaves
Classical Greece • Greek Art and Architecture • Thought highly of the human physique. • Used columns in most of architecture • Traded through the Mediterranean Sea • Unified when threatened • The Persian War weakens city-states • Peloponnesian War(431-404B.C.E.)- Sparta v. Athens, plaque hits Athens, so , Sparta wins. • The Peloponnesian war weakens Greece, so Philip of Macedonia conquers
Classical Greece • Famous Greeks • Socrates- founded the “New School” Truth was absolute and could be discovered by the right method- The Socratic Method. Later executed for his beliefs • Plato- proposed an ideal government where philosophers ruled. He founded “The Academy”, a school for philosophical study • Aristotle- teacher of Alexander The Great; stressed moderation • Mathematicians • Pythagoras and Euclid
Hellenistic Empire • Phillip II conquered most of Greece before he was assassinated (possibly by his son, Alexander the Great, in order to rise to power) • Alexander built a massive empire and conquered Persia and Egypt and even threatened to conquer India. • He promoted the spread of Greek Culture(Hellenistic Empire) • Hellenism- the spread of Greek culture by Alexander the Great • Alexander died from malaria at the age of 32
The Division of Alexander’s Empire • Empire divided into 3 parts after his death • Ptolemy created the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt • Seleucus created the Selencid Empire in Persia • Antigonus took over in Greece and Macedon
The Roman Republic(509-44B.C.E.) • Political System • 2 Consuls with Veto Power • Senate(300 members) • Made of patricians(upper class) • Assembly(Tribunes) • Initially patricians, and then open to the plebians • Religion= polytheistic; similar to Greek Gods, but different names
The Roman Republic • Social Structure • Patricians(Aristocracy) • Plebeians(Common citizens) • Slaves • Women had more freedom, but were still subordinate to men • Paterfamilias- strict patriarchal system • Twelve Tables • Written by Plebeians to protect themselves from Patricians • Created a standardized system of laws • They assimilated conquered people through war • Latifundias- large plantations in conquered lands run by aristocrats
Expansion of Roman Republic • Punic Wars v. Carthage in N. Africa • 1rst. Punic War- Was over control of Sicily(trade center) , Rome won • 2nd Punic War- Carthage wants revenge so they send Hannibal’s army to fight against Scipio’s army. Scipio(Rome) wins. • 3rd Punic War- Rome crushes Carthage for the last time
End of Republic • Growing tensions between rich and poor • Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus are part of first triumvirate. Julius Caesar wins and declares himself dictator for life in 44B.C.E. • Reforms • Sought to relieve tension between the classes • Caesar was executed by aristocratic conspirators • Causes Civil War in Rome and the 2nd triumvirate emerges- Augustus Caesar(Octavius), Marc Anthony, Lepidus
Rise of The Roman Empire(31B.C.E.- 476 C.E.) • Established by Augustus • Continued military expansion • Conquered Britain, Germany, Mesopotamia, and eventually Greece • Pax Romana(Roman Peace) begins- 200 year period when Rome thrived • Succession depended on military strength • Laws and patricians held Empire together • Women’s status during Pax Romana improved • First Social Welfare- Bread and Circuses
Spread of Christianity • Jews came under Roman control in 63B.C.E. when the Roman Empire conquered • Jesus of Nazareth began ministry at age 30 • After his death, Christianity spread through Roman Empire • Many factors helped the spread • Missionary Work- Paul of Tarsus • Pax Romana- made travel safe • Roman sophisticated road system
Spread of Christianity • However, Christians were still persecuted by some Emperors • Peter is considered to be the first Pope
Decline of Rome • Diocletian(r284-305C.E.) • Split the Empire • Constantine(r312-337C.E.) • Moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium; renamed it Constantinople. Moved balance of Rome to the east • Converted to Christianity and passed the Edict of Milan which made Christianity legal • When Germanic tribes invaded in the 400s the W. side of Empire fell, while the E. side of the Empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium
Roman Accomplishments • The Colosseum • Roman Aqueducts • Circus Maximus • Romantic Languages • French, Spanish, Italian, are derived from Latin
Maya in Mesoamerica(300-900B.C.E.) • Heirs of the Olmec traditions • City-state politics but one king rules over all • Traded luxury products • Advanced Math and Science • The concept of zero, very accurate calendar, etc… Mayan Economy • Farmed maize, cotton, and cacao • Mayan Culture • Hieroglyphic writing • Pyramid builders • Polytheistic • Had to please the Gods by sacrifice
Maya in Mesoamerica • Mayan Social Structure • King • Nobles- Priests and Warriors • Merchants • Peasants • Slaves • Women had no political power but did agriculture and textile production • Warfare was used to get slaves and human sacrifices
Mayan Decline • City-states were abandoned or destroyed between 800-900C.E. • Possible causes include • The disruption of trade • Environmental degradation caused by overpopulation • Epidemic Disease
Vocabulary • Syncretism- making your new beliefs fit your own beliefs