AP World History Test Review Unit Two

1. AP World History Test ReviewUnit Two

2. Religions Learned in This Unit • Hinduism • Buddhism • Judaism

3. Hinduism • Origin • When:1500 B.C.E. • Where: India • How: Aryans invaded bringing their belief system with them and mixing it with what was in India • Polytheistic • Caste System was used to create social order • Brahmins(priests) • Kshatriya(kings, warriors) • Vaishya(merchants) • Shudra(craftsmen and artisans) • Untouchables

4. Hinduism • Dharma- rules/obligations of caste born into • Karma- “God does not make one suffer for no reason nor does he make one happy for no reason. God is very fair and gives you exactly what you deserve” • Hinduism later spawned Buddhism

5. Buddhism • Origin • Who: Siddhartha Gautama • When: 563-483 B.C.E. • Where: Nepal, near India • How: Spread through lower class. Ashoka made Buddhism the state religion of India • Monotheistic- Buddha • Four Noble Truths • All life is suffering • Suffering is caused by desire • Can be freed of desire • Follow the Eightfold Path to be free of desire

6. Buddhism • Eightfold Path • Right Views • Right Speech • Right Aspiration • Right Conduct • Right livelihood • Right endeavor • Right Mindfulness • Right Meditation

7. Buddhism • Theravada Buddhism- emphasizes meditation, simplicity • Mahayana Buddhism- involves greater ritual • Spread primarily to China, Japan, and S.E. Asia

8. Judaism • Origin • Who: Abraham • When: Before Classical Period • How: God chose Abraham to be the first of the Hebrew people and he gave them a land to live on • Monotheistic

9. Judaism • Used the Torah • Believed in Yahweh • Believed that Moses led the Hebrew out of slavery • Ten Commandments • First 4- Hebrew’s relationship with God • Last 6- Hebrew’s relationship with each other • Judaism has not spread much; they are concentrated in Palestine

10. The Classical Empires(1,000 B.C.E.-500/600 C.E.) • High population growth because of agriculture • 2 things in common for all major Classical Empires • Have economies based on agriculture • Are Patriarchal and Patrilineal • Why do empires decline? • They get too large to control and their size and wealth make them a target for other societies

11. Classical China • Zhou Dynasty(1029-258 B.C.E.) • Came up with Mandate of Heaven (heavens chooses a ruler, and if you lose heaven’s favor then you lose power) • Feudalism- a political and social system based on the exchange of land or protection for loyalty and/or military service • Social Structure • Emperor • Land Owners/Educated Bureaucracy • Peasants/Urban Artisans • “Mean” People(unskilled)- punished more harshly • Talented individuals may be given access to education and rise within the bureacracy

12. Classical China • Warring States Period(402-201 B.C.E.) • Kingdom of Qin began expanding during the 3rd. Century B.C.E. • 3 Ethical Systems of China • Confucianism- obedience and respect • Daoism- nature and following the force or dao • Legalism- harsh punishment for wrongdoing; burned books

13. Classical China • Qin Dynasty(221-202 B.C.E.) • Used Legalism to restore order • Centralized bureaucracy • Unified China • Now have standardized script, laws, and weights and measures • Qin Shi Huangdi • Proclaimed himself “First Emperor” of China • Centralized Chinese Power • Built Roads and started the Great Wall of China under his rule • Demanded the Burning of Books • Used forced labor to complete projects

14. Classical China • Early Han Dynasty(202 B.C.E.-9C.E.) • Founded by Liu Bang • 2nd longest dynasty in Chinese history; Non-Brutal • Conquered N. Vietnam, Korea, and Central Asia • Monopolized iron, salt, and liquor

15. Classical China • Han Wudi (Wu Ti) • Ruled from 141-87 B.C.E. • Supported Legalism mixed with Confucianism • Two goals • Centralize Government • Expand the Empire • Reforms: • Expanded Bureaucracy • Starts an imperial university • Expanded Silk Road • Inventions: • Paper, sundials, and calendars

16. The Decline of Classical China • By 100 C.E., the Han Dynasty began to decline because of political ineffectiveness, Social Unrest, and Epidemic • Now they are vulnerable for an invasion… • From the Huns • China, however, did revive during the 6th Century

17. Classical India(1000B.C.E.- 600 C.E.) • Economy • Agriculture; helped by monsoons • Traded cotton cloth, ivory, and metalwork • Religion • Hinduism • Brought by Aryans • Polytheistic/Reincarnation • Created the varna system(First 4 castes)

18. Classical India • Mauryan Dynasty • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya • Ashoka(268-232 B.C.E.) • Conquered most of India • Used elephants in warfare • Battle of Kalinga- very bloody battle; Ashoka became Buddhist after it • Reforms • Pillars of Ashoka to spread Buddhism. Despite Ashoka’s efforts, Hinduism is the dominant religion of India. • Centralized bureaucracy • Expanded Agriculture • Built roads to promote trade • Empire Declined after Ashoka’s Rule

19. Classical India • Gupta Dynasty(320-565C.E.) • Founded by Chandra Gupta • He used alliances, tribute, and conquest to ‘conquer’ • Gupta Government • Eventually destroyed by the Huns

20. Persian Empire(558-332B.C.E.) • Unified and founded by Cyrus the Great • Darius I (521-486 B.C.E.) • Balanced central administration and local governors • Divided government into 3 districts ran by satraps (governors) • Built the Royal Road(1,667 miles) from Susa-Sardis • Fought Persian Wars(500-479 B.C.E.) which led to decline of Persian Empire

21. Persian Empire • Persian Society • Women worked in textile manufacturing • Government used slaves to complete public works projects • Persian Economy • Government coined money • Trade from Greece to India • Persian Religion • Zoroastrianism- based on teachings of Zoroaster • Worshipped Ahura Mazda; monotheistic

22. Ancient Greece • Demographics prevented political unification • But maintained common cultural traits • Common writing system, polytheistic religion, etc… • Rise of city states called poleis • No single political system; often ruled by tyrants or aristocratic councils

23. Ancient Greece • Social Classes • Citizens(Adult males) • Free people with no rights • Noncitizens(slaves, etc…)

24. Athens and Sparta Athens Sparta Oligarchy ruled by the best warriors Militaristic Threats of rebellion by helots(conquered natives) Built military strength to protect themselves from slaves or other empires • 1rst Democracy • All male citizens could participate • No women, foreigners, or slaves

25. Classical Greece • Greek Art and Architecture • Thought highly of the human physique. • Used columns in most of architecture • Traded through the Mediterranean Sea • Unified when threatened • The Persian War weakens city-states • Peloponnesian War(431-404B.C.E.)- Sparta v. Athens, plaque hits Athens, so , Sparta wins. • The Peloponnesian war weakens Greece, so Philip of Macedonia conquers

26. Classical Greece • Famous Greeks • Socrates- founded the “New School” Truth was absolute and could be discovered by the right method- The Socratic Method. Later executed for his beliefs • Plato- proposed an ideal government where philosophers ruled. He founded “The Academy”, a school for philosophical study • Aristotle- teacher of Alexander The Great; stressed moderation • Mathematicians • Pythagoras and Euclid

27. Hellenistic Empire • Phillip II conquered most of Greece before he was assassinated (possibly by his son, Alexander the Great, in order to rise to power) • Alexander built a massive empire and conquered Persia and Egypt and even threatened to conquer India. • He promoted the spread of Greek Culture(Hellenistic Empire) • Hellenism- the spread of Greek culture by Alexander the Great • Alexander died from malaria at the age of 32

28. The Division of Alexander’s Empire • Empire divided into 3 parts after his death • Ptolemy created the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt • Seleucus created the Selencid Empire in Persia • Antigonus took over in Greece and Macedon

29. The Roman Republic(509-44B.C.E.) • Political System • 2 Consuls with Veto Power • Senate(300 members) • Made of patricians(upper class) • Assembly(Tribunes) • Initially patricians, and then open to the plebians • Religion= polytheistic; similar to Greek Gods, but different names

30. The Roman Republic • Social Structure • Patricians(Aristocracy) • Plebeians(Common citizens) • Slaves • Women had more freedom, but were still subordinate to men • Paterfamilias- strict patriarchal system • Twelve Tables • Written by Plebeians to protect themselves from Patricians • Created a standardized system of laws • They assimilated conquered people through war • Latifundias- large plantations in conquered lands run by aristocrats

31. Expansion of Roman Republic • Punic Wars v. Carthage in N. Africa • 1rst. Punic War- Was over control of Sicily(trade center) , Rome won • 2nd Punic War- Carthage wants revenge so they send Hannibal’s army to fight against Scipio’s army. Scipio(Rome) wins. • 3rd Punic War- Rome crushes Carthage for the last time

32. End of Republic • Growing tensions between rich and poor • Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus are part of first triumvirate. Julius Caesar wins and declares himself dictator for life in 44B.C.E. • Reforms • Sought to relieve tension between the classes • Caesar was executed by aristocratic conspirators • Causes Civil War in Rome and the 2nd triumvirate emerges- Augustus Caesar(Octavius), Marc Anthony, Lepidus

33. Rise of The Roman Empire(31B.C.E.- 476 C.E.) • Established by Augustus • Continued military expansion • Conquered Britain, Germany, Mesopotamia, and eventually Greece • Pax Romana(Roman Peace) begins- 200 year period when Rome thrived • Succession depended on military strength • Laws and patricians held Empire together • Women’s status during Pax Romana improved • First Social Welfare- Bread and Circuses

34. Spread of Christianity • Jews came under Roman control in 63B.C.E. when the Roman Empire conquered • Jesus of Nazareth began ministry at age 30 • After his death, Christianity spread through Roman Empire • Many factors helped the spread • Missionary Work- Paul of Tarsus • Pax Romana- made travel safe • Roman sophisticated road system

35. Spread of Christianity • However, Christians were still persecuted by some Emperors • Peter is considered to be the first Pope

36. Decline of Rome • Diocletian(r284-305C.E.) • Split the Empire • Constantine(r312-337C.E.) • Moved the capital from Rome to the Greek city of Byzantium; renamed it Constantinople. Moved balance of Rome to the east • Converted to Christianity and passed the Edict of Milan which made Christianity legal • When Germanic tribes invaded in the 400s the W. side of Empire fell, while the E. side of the Empire continued on as the Byzantine Empire or Byzantium

37. Roman Accomplishments • The Colosseum • Roman Aqueducts • Circus Maximus • Romantic Languages • French, Spanish, Italian, are derived from Latin

38. Maya in Mesoamerica(300-900B.C.E.) • Heirs of the Olmec traditions • City-state politics but one king rules over all • Traded luxury products • Advanced Math and Science • The concept of zero, very accurate calendar, etc… Mayan Economy • Farmed maize, cotton, and cacao • Mayan Culture • Hieroglyphic writing • Pyramid builders • Polytheistic • Had to please the Gods by sacrifice

39. Maya in Mesoamerica • Mayan Social Structure • King • Nobles- Priests and Warriors • Merchants • Peasants • Slaves • Women had no political power but did agriculture and textile production • Warfare was used to get slaves and human sacrifices

40. Mayan Decline • City-states were abandoned or destroyed between 800-900C.E. • Possible causes include • The disruption of trade • Environmental degradation caused by overpopulation • Epidemic Disease

41. Vocabulary • Syncretism- making your new beliefs fit your own beliefs