Connecting Hemispheres

1. Connecting Hemispheres By, Samantha Conforti

2. Mesoamerica • Olmec were known for religious ceremonies, pyramids, plazas and sculpture. • Zapotec had urban centers, a written language and a calendar • Mayans, Aztecs and Incas had art, special jobs, written language, government, science/technology, religion, cities, taxes and social classes making it a civilization

3. Mesoamerica (Maya) Social pyramid • Invented a calendar 365 days in a year • Worshiped gods (polytheistic) • Numeral system including a zero • Stone carvings and jade ornaments • Artisans, merchants, warriors • 800 hieroglyphics • Slash and burn agriculture • Pyramids, temples palaces • Everyone wasn’t equal, ruler-subject/rich-poor ruler Priest and leading warriors merchants peasants

4. Mesoamerica (Aztecs) • Polytheistic • Fought wars to gain prisoners for Human sacrifice • Vast human sacrifice • Nobles were warriors; priests came from best families; merchants formed their own social class; artisans did creative, skilled work; laborers and farmers • Quetzalcoatl, fair skinned god. Aztecs would flourish when he came back, they thought Cortez was Quetzalcoatl so they let him in, allowing the Spanish to conquer them • Maize, leather goods, vegetables, pottery, chocolate, gold, silver, jade, and jaguar skin were sold in markets • Pyramids and pillars • Merchants and artisans • Pictorial language • Tribute made to government • Raised roads, Chiapas (floating bed for crops), sunstones • Tenochtitlan 5-15 million, planned cities

5. Mesoamerica (Incas) • Capitol Cuzco • Economic base was farming • Worshiped sun god • Information kept on the quipu • Everyone was taken care of by the government • Engineering • Oral history, quipu, quechua • Theocracy, rulers were descendants from the sun god • Irrigation systems, terrace farming • Tribute paid in labor • Extended family group

6. Renaissance 476 500-1500 1600 Roman empire middle ages renaissance • Development of romance languages, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese • Latin, educated persons language • Growth in humanism, importance pleased on uniqueness of human beings • Interest in secular themes and religion • Middle class had money to spend on art • Questioning spiritual teachings of the catholic church • Rebirth of the interest of Greece and Rome • Splits in the church • Art and literature

7. Important people in art and literature • Medici family, family that supported the arts (patrons) • Donatello, sculpture of David, first free standing nude • Michelangelo, st. peters basilica, David, fostered with a stone mason, Sistine chapel • Da Vinci, notebooks, inventor, illegitimate, sculpted • Raphael, pictures of may and baby Jesus • Petrarch, wrote poetry about the ideal woman • Boccaccio, wrote with sarcasm Decameron • Machiavelli, diplomat, wrote the prince a political guide book (do anything to stay in power) • Durer, woodcuts and engraving, landscaping, religious subjects

8. Important people in art and literature • Van Eyck, court painter, painted vivid detail and personalities • Bruegel, painted real life events, many colors • Erasmus, praise of folly • Thomas more, tried to reform England, was beheaded because of the latter, wrote utopia (ideal place) • Rabelais, wrote almanacs, humans should rely on instincts • Shakespeare, wrote stories relating to peoples emotions, comedies, tragedies and histories, Romeo and Juliet, hamlet • Guttenberg, printing press, he brought movable type to England

9. Split in church Christian Church 1056 Eastern Orthodox Roman Catholic 1500 Roman Catholic Protestant Anglican Calvinist Lutheran Anabaptist Amish Mennonite Puritan Congregationalist Methodist Episcopal Quaker Baptist reformed church Presbyterian

10. Reformation Luther posts his 95 theses on church door 1517 1520 Luther is excommunicated 1521 Luther declared and outlaw 1524 German peasant revolt 1555 Peace of Augsburg is signed 1534 Parliament approves act of supremacy 1559 Parliament establishes Anglican church

11. Reformation • Protestant reformation • Causes; roman catholic is too worldly • Humanist want simple religion • Kings who resent power of the pope and church • Luther writes 95 theses • Printing press=people educated=spread of ideas and reformers call for change • Effects; peasant revolts • Emperor power declines • Other forms start • Religious wars • Catholic reformation takes place • A rise in inquisition • Jews forced out of Europe

12. Reformation • Jesuits are missionaries who spread Catholicism and stop protestants • Jesuits founded and staffed schools • Council of Trent was dedicated to keep Catholicism • Pope Paul III was responsible for the council of Trent • Pope Paul IV carried out the latter popes ideas • Protestant church grows • Church power declines • King power increases • No united religion in Europe • Calvanism-people are sinful by nature • Presbyterianism- based on Calvinism, community church • Anabaptism- only adults can be baptized, church separate by state, didn’t fight in wars • John Calvin and Martian Luther Leader of protestant reformation

13. Ottoman and Safavid empire • Osman founder of the ottomans, started out as a small Muslim stare Anatolia • Murad II, resorted military • Mehmet II (1453), overtook Constantinople and made it Istanbul • Suleiman the grim, defeated safavias, Syria, Palestine, Mecca, Medirna and Cairo • Suleiman • social achievements; social structure, Law code, Limit taxes Decline in bureaucracy • cultural achievements; poetry History, Geography, astronomy, astronomy, math, architecture • Ismail, a ruler of the safaid empire that helped them rise to power by conquest • Carpets influenced the safaid empire; Persian rug industry • Shite Islam • Continued conflict among Muslims

14. China, Japan and Europe interact • Europeans had compass’ astrolabe and caravans to help explore and trade • European exploration increased tension inside Europe • Treaty of tordesillas was an agreement to separate the exploration world; line of demarcation was the line that separated the world • Columbus found the “new world” opening up a vast exploration age • Only the government was allowed to conduct trade • Trade only available at specific ports • China would only trade with Dutch; to trade with the Chinese you had to accept the restrictions and apply Japanese customs. British didn’t, the Dutch did. • During the Ming there was exploration in the 1st half, 2nd half closed country • Japan went into isolationism under tokugawa shogunate. Nothing was imported or exported • Portuguese, once let to explore introduced many items, including firearms influencing the samurai • Japan let Christian missionaries in then once they went back into a closed country policy if the missionaries from Europe didn’t get out they were prosecuted A map created in 1587

15. China’s interaction 1400 Ming dynasty ends oversea exploration 1500 Ming allows Europeans to trade only at canton Forced them to leave after each trading season British pressure Qing dynasty open cities but Chinese limit trade 1600

16. Slave trade • Started because of the demand for Africans to do manual labor, they had immunity to some disease and they could farm • 1500-1600 , 300,000 Africans were brought to work on Spanish plantations • Slave trade became huge when slaves were brought to the Americas • England dominated the slave trade (1.7 million)and presence in America • African rulers and merchants played an active role, they captured other Africans to sell to Europeans.. • Africans brought to America were part of the triangular trade. • One trade route manufactured goods went from Europe to west Africa, then from Africa came slaves that went to the west indies. There sugar, coffee and tobacco and sailed to Europe • Another trade route rum went form new England colonies to west Africa. Traders brought Africans to the west indies and sold them for sugar. Then the sugar was sold to the rum producers in new England.

17. Slaves taken from Africa

18. Required vocab Arable; capable of growing and sustaining crops Artisan; a skilled worker, who makes goods by hands Bureaucracy; a system of departments and agencies formed to carry out the work of governments City-state; a city and its surrounding lands functioning as an independent political unit Civilization; a form of culture characterized by cities. Specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping and advances technology Continent; one of the main landmasses of the globe, usually reckoned as seven in number Cultural diffusion; the spreading of ideas or products from one culture to another Culture; a peoples unique way of life Democracy; a government controlled by its citizens Domestication; taming of animals for human use Dynasty; a series of rulers from a single family Empire; a political unit in which a number of peoples are controlled by a single ruler Ethnocentrism; one culture thinking that their culture is the best Golden age; a time of peace and prosperity with little to no wars and advances in literature, since, technology and art Interdependence; the quality or condition of being interdependent, or mutually reliant on each other Latitude; the angular distance north or south from the equator Longitude; the angular distance east or west from the prime meridian Mandate of heaven; the divine approval thought to be the basis of royal authority Migration; the act of moving from one place to settle in another Monarchy; the government in which the power is in the hands of a single person Monotheism; the religious belief in only one god Philosophers; a thinker who uses logic and reason to investigate the nature of the universe, human society and morality Polytheism; the religious belief in more than one god Specialization; a development of skills in a particular kind of work, such as trading or record keeping Subcontinent; a large landmass that forms a distinct part of a continent Technology; the ways in which people apply knowledge tools and inventions to meet their needs Theocracy; a government in which the ruler is viewed as divine figure Traditional economy; a government system based on the needs of a civilization

19. Related vocab to Ch. IV Absolute monarch; a king or queen who has unlimited power Annul; to cancel or set aside Cabinet; a group of advisors chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions Capitalism; an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures to make a profit Colony; a land controlled by another nation Conquistador; Spanish soldiers Constitutional monarchy; a system of governing in which the rulers power is limited by law Creoles; colonist born in Latin America but to Spanish parents Divine right; the idea that monarchs are gods representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to god Encomienda; a grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas favorable balance of trade; an economic situation I which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys Ghazi; a warrior or Islam Glorious revolution; the bloodless overthrow of English king James II Glyph; a symbolic picture used as part of writing Mestizo; a person of mixed Spanish and native American ancestry Middle passage; the voyage that brought captured Africans to the west indies and later to north and south America to be sold as slaves Mulatto; persons of mixed European and African ancestry Patron; a person who supports artist Peninsulares; Spanish colonial society, colonist born in Spain

20. The earliest Americans... • Hunted big game • Domesticated animals • Had simple societies

21. The Chavin and the Nazca and Moche south American society's were in common in they both... • Had irrigation systems • had art • Had the Nazca lines

22. The Mayans... • Were a complex society • Were a nomadic society • Was famous for domestication

23. Which of the following was an Aztec city? • Tenochtitlan • Jamestown • Cuzco

24. The Aztecs had... • 39 provinces • 38 provinces • 52 province

25. The Aztecs had, that no one else had was the... • Chiampas • Calendar • Number system

26. What kind of government did the Incas have? • Republic • Dictatorship • theocracy

27. The social class of the Incan government was... • Was a caste system • Was defined but you were able to move positions • Extended family group

28. The Incas were located... • Near a river • Near and on mountains • On a plateau

29. What was the renaissance? • The time in Europe during the crusades • A time of prosperity with many wars • A time of peace and prosperity

30. What did the renaissance writers write about? • Fantasies • Love stories • Things that reflected what was going on

31. What were artist considered? • Peasants • Genius's • philosophers

32. Why was the Medici family so important? • They were great artist • they patronized artist • They wrote books

33. Da Vinci was from... • Florence • Spain • Portugal

34. What was the educated language of Europe? • Latin • Spanish • English

35. What are the romance languages • French, roman, Italian, English • Latin, French, Gaelic, Albanian • French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

36. What happened first? • Middle ages • Renaissance • Roman empire

37. What led to reformation? • The crusades • Questioning ideas and religions • Education decreasing

38. What are the main forms of protestant catholic? • Anglican, eastern orthodox, roman catholic • Anglican, Calvinist, Lutheran, Anabaptist • Methodist, Anglican, roman, eastern

39. Why did Luther post the 95 theses? • To support the church • To reform the church • To convert people to Muslim

40. Which statement is false? • The presents revolted due to the protestant reformation • The Jews were welcomed into Europe after the protestant reformation • There were religious wars as an effect of the reformation

41. What led to the renaissance? • End of the crusades • The pope making new laws • A new ruler

42. John Calvin didn’t believe in... • Indulgences • That people were sinners • predestination

43. The most influential ruler of the ottoman empire was? • Luther • Suleiman • Stalin

44. What new industry came to the safavid empire due to western influence? • Potatoes industry • Stone carved art • Persian rugs

45. People were taken from Africa to Europe and the new world... • To have a fresh start in life • To work on farms and do manual labor • To take care of European children

46. answers • A • B • A • A • B • A • C • C • B • C • C • C • A • A • C • C • B • B • B • A • A • B • B • C • B