Part II Splanchnology

1. Part II Splanchnology Chapter 6RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

2. Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 1.Respiratory tract: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, and its branches 2. Lungs 3. Pleura and plural cavity * Function: exchange O2 and CO2 mainly * (Mediastinum)

3. Ⅱ. Nose: • 1. External nose— • 2. Nasal cavity— limen nasi • nasal vestibule • proper nasal cavity • nasal septum • lateral wall of nasalcavity • 3.Paranasal Sinuses— • frontal sinus • maxillary sinus • sphenoidal sinus • ethmoidal sinus

4. The formation of the nasal septum 2 Bones, 1 Cartilage, Nasal mucous membrane: olfactory region respiratory region The longitudinal plate of ethmoid bone The cartilage of nasal septum The vomer back

5. Ⅱ. Nose: • 1.Nasal cavity— • nasal vestibule • proper nasal cavity • limen nasi • nasal septum • lateral wall of nasalcavity • ---superior, middle and inferior • nasal conchae • ---superior, middle and inferior • nasal meatuses • ---the openings of the paranasal • sinuses and the nasolacrimal duct • 2. paranasal sinuses: • frontal sinus • maxillary sinus • sphenoidal sinus • ethmoidal sinus

6. The openings of the paranasal sinuses

7. Ⅲ. Larynx 1. Position: It is located at anterior part of neck, in front of 4~6 cervical vertebrae 2. Framework: It is formed by laryngeal cartilages and their articulations • Cartilages: thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage epiglottic cartilage arytenoid cartilage (paired)

8. Thyroid cartilage sup. cornu Laryngeal prominence sup. thyroid notch lamina anterior angle Laminae of thyroid cartilage inf. cornu Anterior view posterior view

9. Arytenoid cartilages Muscular process Vocal process Muscular process Vocal process Cricoid arch Cricoid cartilage Cricoid lamina Anterior view posterior view

10. Epiglottic cartilage Anterior view posterior view

11. 5 4 2 1 3 • Articulation: 1. cricothyroid joint:rotate around the coronary axis 2. cricoarytenoid joints:rotate around the vertical axis 3. conus elasticus:free and thicked upper border formed the vocal ligament 4. quadrangular membrane:free lower border formed vestibular ligament 5. thyrohyoid membrane

12. Thyrohyoid membrane Quadrangular membrane Conus elasticus Lateral view Lateral view

13. 3. Laryngeal cavity 3 parts: laryngeal vestibule intermediate cavity of larynx infraglottic cavity by 2 fissures— vestibular fissure fissure of glottis laryngeal inlet vestibular fold vocal fold ventricle of larynx

15. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

16. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

17. 4. Laryngeal muscles: • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • It can open the glottis • Transverse arytenoid, • Oblique arytenoid, • Lateral cricoarytenoid: • They can close the glottis • Cricothyroid, • Posterior cricoarytenoid: • They can lengthen and tense • the vocal fold • Thyroarytenoid: • It can relax and shorten the • vocal fold

18. Ⅳ.The trachea and main bronchus: Bifurcation of trachea