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Difficulties in Formalizing

Difficulties in Formalizing. Romanian Syntactic Constructions. Dina & Cornel Vîlcu. "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca. 1. MAIN GENERAL DIFFICULTIES: passing from intuitive (inner) knowledge to ‘exterior’ programming

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Difficulties in Formalizing

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  1. Difficulties in Formalizing Romanian Syntactic Constructions Dina & Cornel Vîlcu "Babes-Bolyai" University, Cluj-Napoca

  2. 1. • MAIN GENERAL DIFFICULTIES: • passing from intuitive (inner) knowledge to ‘exterior’ programming • [Human linguistic competence is teleologically oriented, rather than causally determined; a computer’s ‘mind’ has no notion of purpose what-so-ever.] • passing from the analogical to the digital • [For human consciousness, a grammatical construction which presents a certain degree of deviation from the rules can still be understood and accepted as valid within the communicative exchange; for the computer, this simply represents an error. For humans, the ‘rules’ of languages are only means to an end; for the machine, they are valid in and ‘for’ themselves.] SOLUTIONS AND PALEATIVES : - working according to a ‘benefit of doubt’ principle: rather accept a grammatical construction which isnot totally ‘normal’ than ever reject a correct one - creating a user-friendly programme, one that enters in dialogue with the person - a programme that politely makes assumptions (“you may have mistaken this for that”) rather than stating ‘this is an error’

  3. 2. TheRoLingva Team– activating since 1994 within different national programs (Orizont, Relansin, Infosoc) – led by project manager, engineer Luciana Peev [some of this team’smembers, led by engineer Luciana Peev, are also part of our projectsSIASTRO and SINTEGRO] Formalization of Romanian – things done so far: - the formalisation of the phonology of Romanian (2004 – 2006) - syllabification and stressing of words (2001 – 2003) - TEZAROM - model of morphological analysis (1996 – 2003) - structural and ethimological morphological analysis - basis of a spelling checker - thesaurus Our current project: aiming for syntactic analysis

  4. 3. In Romanian language, parts of speach have a very rich inflection. We will only discuss here the case ofthenoun: gender: masculine feminine neutre number: singular plural case: Nominative Accusative Genitive Dative [Vocative] article: indefinite definite [...]

  5. masculine – definite article feminine – definite article masculine – indefinite article feminine – indefinite article singular N-Ac tânărul / the young man tânăra / the young woman un tânăr / a young man o tânără / a young woman G-D tânărului / of (to) the young man tinerei / of (to) the young woman unui tânăr/ of (to) a young man unei tinere / of (to) a young woman plural N-Ac tinerii / the young men tinerele / the young women nişte tineri / some young men nişte tinere / some young women G-D tinerilor / of (to) the young men tinerelor / of (to) the young women unor tineri / of (to) some young men unor tinere / of (to) some young women Inflection: NOUN[gender, number, case, article]

  6. masculine masculine – definite article feminine – definite article feminine masculine – indefinite article feminine – indefinite article singular N-Ac tânăr / young tânără/ young singular N-Ac tânărul om/ the young man tânăra femeie/ the young woman un tânărom/ a young man o tânără femeie/a young woman G-D tânăr/ young tinere/ young G-D tânărului om/ of (to) the young man tinerei femei/ of (to) the young woman unui tânăr om/ of (to) a young man unei tinerefemei/ of (to) a young woman plural N-Ac tineri/ young tinere/ young plural N-Ac tinerii oameni/ the young men tinerele femei/ the young women nişte tinerioameni/ some young men niştetinerefemei/ some young women G-D tineri / young tinere/ young G-D tinerilor oameni/ of (to) the young men tinerelorfemei/ of (to) the young women unor tinerioameni/ of (to) some young men unor tinerefemei/ of (to) some young women Inflection: ADJECTIVE[gender, number, case] Inflection: ADJECTIVE[gender, number, case and article] [N.B.: in Romanian the adjective, if situated before its head noun, takes over the article]

  7. part of speech inflection form example (Romanian) example (English) 1 NOUN N – AC, plural, + indefinite article nişte tinere / some young women Nişte tinere au cumpărat cafea. Some young women bought coffee. 2 G – D, singular, + indefnite article unei tinere / (of) to a young woman I-am cedat locul meu unei tinere. I gave my seat to a young woman. 3 G – D, plural, + indefinite article unor tinere / (of) to some young women Le-am cedat locurile noastre unor tinere. We gave our seats to some young women. 4 (NOUN) + ADJEC- TIVE N – AC, plural tinere Profesoarele tinere s-au întâlnit la conferinţă. The young teachers met at the conference. 5 G – D, singular tinere Lecţia profesoarei tinere a fost foarte plăcută. The lesson of the young teacher was very pleasant. 6 G – D, plural tinere Lecţiile profesoarelor tinere au fost foarte plăcute. The lessons of the young teachers were very pleasant. 7 ADJEC- TIVE (+ NOUN) N – AC, plural, + indefinite article nişte tinere ... Nişte profesoare tinere s-au întâlnit la conferinţă. Some young teachers met at the conference. 8 G – D singular + indefinite article unei tinere ... Lecţia unei profesoare tinere a fost foarte plăcută. The lesson of a young teacher was very pleasant. 9 G – D plural + indefinite article unor tinere ... Lecţiile unor profesoare tinere au fost foarte plăcute. The lessons of some young teachers were very pleasant. Homonymic forms, 1. [list]

  8. Inflec-tion form observations example (Romanian) example (English) 4 N – AC, plural tinere - before the adjective there must be a feminine or neuter noun in plural - the noun and the adjective have the same gender, number and case nişte profesoaretinere some young teachers 5 G – D, singular tinere before the adjective there must be 1) a feminine noun in G – D sg. or the noun must be preceded by 2) an indefinite article, sg., or 3) an adjective in G – D, sg. - unless ther specific G – D sg. endings are identified in the noun phrase, the adjective is not G – D 1) lecţia profesoareitinere 2) lecţia unei profesoare tinere 3) lecţia acestei profesoare tinere 3) lecţia fiecărei profesoare tinere 3) lecţia amabilei profesoare tinere 1) the lesson of the young teacher 2) the lesson of a young teacher 3) the lesson of this young teacher 3) the lesson of every young teacher 3) the lesson of the nice young teacher 6 G – D, plural tinere before the adjective there must be 1) a feminine noun in G – D pl. or the noun must be preceded by 2) an indefinite article, pl., or 3) an adjective in G – D, pl. - unless their specific G – D pl. endings are identified in the noun phrase, the adjective is not G – D 1) lecţiile profesoarelor tinere 2) lecţiile unor profesoare tinere 3) lecţiile acestor profesoare tinere 3) lecţiile amabilelor profesoare tinere 1) the lessons of the young teachers 2) the lessons of some young teachers 3) the lessons of these young teachers 3) the lessons of the nice young teachers Homonymic forms, 2. [ (Noun) + Adjective structures, with observations]:

  9. Inflec-tion form observations example (Romanian) example (English) 7 N – AC, plural, + indefi-nite article tinere - before the noun there must be an indefinite article, pl. - the noun and the adjective have the same gender, number and case niştetinere profesoare some young teachers 8 G – D singular + indefi-nite article tinere - before the adjective there must be 1) an indefinite article, sg., or 2) an adjective in G – D, sg. - unless ther specific G – D sg. endings are identified in the noun phrase, the adjective is not G – D 1) lecţia uneitinere profesoare 2) lecţia acestei tinere profesoare 2) lecţia fiecăreitinere profesoare 2) lecţia amabileitinere profesoare 1) the lesson of a young teacher 2) the lesson of this young teacher 2) the lesson of every young teacher 2) the lesson of the nice young teacher 9 G – D plural + indefi-nite article tinere - before the adjective there must be 1) an indefinite article, pl., or 2) an adjective in G – D, pl. - unless ther specific G – D pl. endings are identified in the noun phrase, the adjective is not G – D 1) lecţiile unortinere profesoare 2) lecţiile acestortinere profesoare 2) lecţiile amabilelortinere profesoare 1) the lessons of some young teachers 2) the lessons of these young teachers 2) the lessons of the nice young teachers Homonymic forms, 3. [Adjective+(Noun) structures, with observations]:

  10. inflection form observations example (Romanian) example (English) N – AC, plural, + indefinite article tinere - even if the situations NOUN + NOUN and ADJ. + ADJ. are excluded, these structures are still ambiguous, because the structures NOUN + ADJ. and ADJ. + NOUN are both possible nişte muncitoare tinere some hard-working young women/ some young labourers G – D, singular, + indefinite article tinere unei muncitoare tinere of a hard-working young woman/ of a young labourer G – D, plural, + indefinite article tinere unor muncitoare tinere of some hard-working young women/ of some young labourers Homonymic forms, 4. [(Adjective)+(Noun) structures with ambiguity as to ‘which is which’]:

  11. The text used for verifying our analyser: Legea nr. 349/2007 privind reorganizarea cadrului institutional in domeniul managementului substantelor chimice [Law no. 349/2007 concerning the reorganisation of the institutional frame in the domain of chemical substances]

  12. 1) Art. 4. - Se desemnează ca autorităţi competente pentru aplicarea Regulamentului nr. 1.907/2006 al Parlamentului European şi al Consiliului din 18 decembrie 2006 privind înregistrarea, evaluarea, autorizarea şi restricţionarea substanţelor chimice (REACH), de înfiinţare a Agenţiei Europene de Substanţe Chimice, de modificare a Directivei 1999/45/CE şi de abrogare a Regulamentului Consiliului (CEE) nr. 793/93 şi a Regulamentului Comisiei (CE) nr. 1.488/94, precum şi a Directivei Consiliului 76/769/CEE şi a directivelor Comisiei 91/155/CEE, 93/67/CEE, 93/105/CEE şi 2000/21/CE, denumit în continuare Regulament, următoarele instituţii publice... // ... the Comission Regulation, called from now on Regulation ... 2) Agenţia Naţională pentru Protecţia Mediului, pentru implementarea Regulamentului şi pentru cooperarea cu Comisia Europeană şi Agenţia Europeană de Substanţe Chimice, în vederea implementării acestuia, potrivit art. 121 din Regulament... // ... with the purpose of its implementation ... 3) Art. 2. - (1) Personalul angajat în cadrul Agenţiei Naţionale pentru Substanţe şi Preparate Chimice Periculoase se preia de Agenţia Naţională pentru Protecţia Mediului şi de Garda Naţională de Mediu şi se numeşte în funcţii publice corespunzătoare, cu avizul Agenţiei Naţionale a Funcţionarilor Publici. // The personnel employed within the National Agency ... 4) PREŞEDINTELE CAMEREI DEPUTAŢILOR PREŞEDINTELE SENATULUI // PRESIDENT OF CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES PRESIDENT OF SENATE

  13. the two nouns have to be consecutive, with no punctuation what so ever in-between In search of solutions: our NOUN + NOUN tables the observations apply exclusively for the correct use of Romanian language “+” applies for combinations with the specified type of article; “-“ applies when the noun is not articulated with the specified type of article

  14. NOUN 1 NOUN 2 SYNTACTIC FUNCTION EXAMPLE OBSERVATIONS N Ac - article N Ac – definite or indefinite article POSSIBLE: the second noun is a false apposition, complement of noun in Nominative L-am întâlnit pe acest domn cancelar. / I met Mister Chancellor. [the translation does not represent the fact that the first noun is not articulated with definite or indefinite article] - the two nouns are normally both either singular, or plural - the combination must be preceded by a determiner (demonstrative, adjective + definite article, numeral) - exceptions: 1) the compound nouns (example: copii-problemă – problem-children) 2) the nouns representing jobs which are not used in feminine (example: Am vorbit cu [aceste]doamne ministru. - I talked to [these] ladies minister);possible solution: a list containing the nouns in this situation N Ac + indefinite article IMPOSSIBLE - - N Ac + definite article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D – possessive article POSSIBLE, but extremely rare (old form) 1)Acest om, domn Moldovei, a salvat ţara de duşmani. /This man, ruler of Moldavia, saved his country from the enemies. 2)El, şef unei echipe de muncitori, ia întotdeauna decizii corecte. / He, chief of a team of workers, always takes good decisions. - when the association of the two nouns is a direct one, the structure appears more frequently with the second noun articulated with an indefinite article: şef unei echipe de muncitori - chief to a team of workers G D + possessive article POSSIBLE: the second noun is complement of noun in Genitive 1)Pe acest prieten al soţului meu l-am întîlnit la Viena. I met this friend of my husband in Wien. 2)Pe acest prieten al unui coleg l-am întîlnit în Viena. /I met this friend of a colleague in Wien. - in example 1) the possessive article is imposed by the indefinite form of the head noun - in example 2) the indefinite articleunui[ofa]is followed by a noun (possible by an adjective) in G D singular Possible situations: unei + noun sg. GD // unei + noun sg. GD + adj. sg GD // unei + adj. sg. GD + noun sg GD [the last observation is important especially for feminine nouns] Noun + noun table 1

  15. NOUN 1 NOUN 2 SYNTACTIC FUNCTION EXAMPLE OBSERVATIONS N Ac + indefi-nite article N Ac – definite or indefinite article POSSIBLE: the second noun is false apposition, complement of noun in Nominative Am vorbit cu undomn profesor. I talked to a Mister Professor. - the two nouns are normally both either singular, or plural - exceptions: 1) the compound nouns (example: niştecopii-problemă –some problem-children); 2) the nouns representing jobs which are not used in feminine (example: Am vorbit cu nişte doamne ministru. - I talked to some ladies minister). Possible solution: a list containing the nouns in this situation N Ac + indefinite article IMPOSSI-BLE - - N Ac + definite article IMPOSSI-BLE - - G D – possessive article IMPOSSI-BLE - - G D + possessive article POSSIBLE: the second noun is complement of noun in Genitive 1)Nişte proiecte ale echipei noastre au fost aprobate. Some projects of our team were approved. 2)Nişte observaţii ale unui editor au fost discutate azi. Some observations of an editor were discussed today. - the possessive article is imposed by the fact that the first noun is articulated with an indefinite article - the second noun can be articulated with a definite (example 1) or an indefinite (example 2) article Noun + nountable 2

  16. NOUN 1 NOUN 2 SYNTACTIC FUNCTION EXAMPLE OBSERVATIONS N Ac + definite article N Ac – definite or indefinite article POSSIBLE: the second noun is a false apposition, complement of noun in Nominative L-am întîlnit pe domnul profesor.I met Mister Professor. - the two nouns are normally both either singular, or plural - exceptions: 1) the compound nouns (example: copiii-problemă – the problem-children); 2) the nouns representing jobs which are not used in feminine (example: Am vorbit cu doamnele ministru. I talked to the ladies minister). Possible solution: a list containing the nouns in this situation N Ac + indefinite article IMPOSSIBLE - - N Ac + definite article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D – possessive article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D + possessive article POSSIBLE: the second noun is complement of noun in Genitive (possessor) 1) Calităţile produsului sunt descrise aici. The qualities of the product are described here. 2) Calităţile unui produs au fost reevaluate. The qualities of a product were reassessed. - the second noun can be articulated with a definite (example 1) or an indefinite (example 2) article Noun + nountable 3

  17. NOUN 1 NOUN 2 SYNTACTIC FUNCTION EXAMPLE OBSERVATIONS G D – definite or indefinite article N Ac – definite or indefinite article POSSIBLE: the second noun is a false apposition, complement of noun in Nominative I-am dat raportul acestui domn ministru. I gave my report to Mister Minister. [the translation does not represent the fact that the first noun is not articulated with definite or indefinite article] - the use of G D without definite or indefinite article is possible only if it is preceded by an adjectival determiner which takes over the G D ending - the two nouns are normally both either singular, or plural - exceptions: 1) the compound nouns (example: [acestor]copii-problemă – of / to these problem-children); 2) the nouns representing jobs which are not used in feminine (example: Le-am vorbit acestor doamne ministru. I talked to these ladies minister). Possible solution: a list containing the nouns in this situation. N Ac + indefinite article IMPOSSIBLE - - N AC + definite article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D – possessive article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D + possessive article POSSIBLE: the second noun is complement of noun in Genitive (possessor) 1) Descrierea acestei piesea maşinii este greşită. The description of this partof the car is wrong. 2) Dispunerea greşită a acestei piese a unei maşini e periculoasă. The misplacing of this part of a car is dangerous. - the use of G D without definite or indefinite article is possible only if it is preceded by an adjectival determiner which takes over the G D ending - the second noun can be articulated with a definite (example 1) or an indefinite (example 2) article Noun + nountable 4

  18. NOUN 1 NOUN 2 SYNTACTIC FUNCTION EXAMPLE OBSERVATIONS G D + indefinite article N Ac - article POSSIBLE: the second noun is a false apposition, complement of noun in Nominative I-am înmânat raportul nostru unui domn consilier.I handed our report to a Mister counsellor. - the use of G D without definite or indefinite article is possible only if it is preceded by an adjectival determiner which takes over the G D ending - the two nouns are normally both either singular, or plural - exceptions: 1) the compound nouns (example: unor copii-problemă – of/ to some problem-children); 2) the nouns representing jobs which are not used in feminine (example: Le-am vorbit unor doamne ministru.I talked to some ladies ministers). Possible solution: a list containing the nouns in this situation. N Ac + indefinite article IMPOSSIBLE - - N AC + definite article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D – possessive article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D + possessive article POSSIBLE: the second noun is complement of noun in Genitive (possessor) 1) Greşelile unui proiectant al clădirii sunt fatale. The mistakes of a designer of the building are fatal. 2) Greşelile unui proiectant al unei clădiri sunt fatale.The mistakes of a designer of a building are fatal. - the second noun can be articulated with a definite (example 1) or an indefinite (example 2) article Noun + nountable 5

  19. NOUN 1 NOUN 2 SYNTACTIC FUNCTION EXAMPLE OBSERVATIONS G D + definite article N Ac - article POSSIBLE: the second noun is a false apposition, complement of noun in Nominative I-am înmânat domnului ministruraportul./ I handed in the report to Mister Minister. - the use of G D without definite or indefinite article is possible only if it is preceded by an adjectival determiner which takes over the G D ending - the two nouns are normally both either singular, or plural - exceptions: 1) the compound nouns (example: copiilor-problemă – of/ to the problem-children); 2) the nouns representing jobs which are not used in feminine (example: Le-am vorbit doamnelor ministru. - I talked to the minister ladies). Possible solution: a list containing the nouns in this situation. N Ac + indefinite article IMPOSSIBLE - - N AC + definite article IMPOSSIBLE - - G D – possessive article POSSIBLE: the second noun is complement of noun in Genitive (possessor) 1) I-am arătat clientului companiei contractul. - I showed the client of the company the contract. 2) I-am arătat clientului unei companii contractul. - I showed the client of a company the contract. - the two nouns do not have to have the same number; the second noun is subordinated to the first noun and represents the possessor - the second noun can be articulated with a definite (example 1) or an indefinite (example 2) article G D + possessive article IMPOSSIBLE - - Noun + nountable 6

  20. Solutions to some of the (above-mentioned) ‘bad choices’ for syntagms: In the case of Example no. 4 from above (slide nr. 12): PREŞEDINTELE CAMEREI DEPUTAŢILOR PREŞEDINTELE SENATULUI / / PRESIDENT OF CHAMBER OF DEPUTIES PRESIDENT OF SENATE the combination deputaţilor preşedintele is simply ruled out (as IMPOSSIBLE) by our table.

  21. In the case of Examples no. 2 and no. 3: ...cooperarea cu Comisia Europeană şi Agenţia Europeană de Substanţe Chimice, în vederea implementării acestuia, potrivit art. 121 din Regulament... // ... with the purpose of its implementation ... And Personalul angajat în cadrul Agenţiei Naţionale// The personnel employed within the National Agency ... the combinations vederea implementării and cadrul agenţiei are acceptable according to our table; but implementing a list of prepositionalcollocations will rule them out as syntagms (în vederea and în cadrul are prepositional structures specific to Romanian)

  22. For Example no. 1: denumit în continuare Regulament, următoarele instituţii publice... // ... the Comission Regulation, called from now on Regulation... this construction is admittable according to the rules of our table; but it is ruled out by the condition of being preceded by an adjectival determiner; also, its statute can be clarified by using the list of prepositional collocations specific to Romanian (în continuare being such a structure)

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