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C hemistry

C hemistry. The study of matter and the CHANGES it undergoes. shastacollege.edu. The Law of Conservation of Mass. Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in any chemical process.

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C hemistry

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  1. Chemistry The study of matterand the CHANGES it undergoes shastacollege.edu

  2. The Law of Conservation of Mass Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in any chemical process. The mass at the start of a chemical reaction must equal the mass at the end of the reaction.

  3. Synthesis Reactions • aka: Direct Combination Reaction • Two substances combine to form one new, more complex substance 

  4. Synthesis Reactions • Form: A + B AB • 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO (s)

  5. Decomposition Reactions • a.k.a. Analysis Reactions • one complex substance breaks down into two or more “simpler” substances • Used to determine % composition of substances in laboratories.

  6. Decomposition Reactions Form: AB  A + B 2 HCl (aq) H2(g) + Cl2(g) 

  7. Combustion Reactions • O2(g) and an organic molecule of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen react • CO2(g) and H2O (g) are produced

  8. Combustion Reactions • Form: CxHyOz+ O2(g) CO2(g) + H2O(g) • C3H8 (g) + 5O2(g)3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

  9. Single Replacement Reactions:Cation Replacements • A metal element becomes a cation in solution and the cation that was in solution becomes a neutral element. • AKA. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions • The ATOM must be more active than the ION for the reaction to occur. • Reactions based upon Activity Series ranking of elements

  10. Single Replacement Reactions • Form: A + BX AX + B • Li(s) + AuCl(aq)  LiCl(aq) + Au(s)

  11. Red-Ox Reactions Loss of Gain of Electrons Electrons Oxidation Reduction LEO goes GER Li(s) + AuCl(aq)  LiCl(aq) + Au(s) Li (s)  Li+1 + 1 e- Lost e-= oxidation Au+1 + 1 e- Au Gained e- =reduction

  12. Double Displacement Reactions • The cations of two aqueous ionic compounds switch with each other. • Either water, a gas or an insoluble product must be formed,otherwise there is no reaction. • If water is produced, an acid has reacted with a base.

  13. Double Displacement Reactions • Form: AX + BY  AY + BX • HCl(aq)+ NaOH (aq) H2O(l) + NaCl (aq) • Pb(NO3)2 (aq)+ 2KI (aq) PbI2 (s) + 2KNO3(aq)

  14. Identify The TYPES of these Reactions • 9 O2 (g)+ C6H12(l)  6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) • 2 H2O (g)  2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) • 2 Na(s) + 2 HCl(aq) H2(g)+ 2 NaCl(aq) O2 is a reactant, CO2 and H2O are products… must be… combustion One compound breaks up unto two less complex substances… must be… Decomposition (or analysis) A metal reacts with an aqueous solution to produce… a new solution and an element Must be… Single displacement

  15. Five more to ID… • 4) HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) • 5) 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)  2NH3 (g) • 6) LiI (aq) + AgNO3(aq)LiNO3(aq)+ AgI (s) • 7) Na (s) + AgNO3 (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + Ag(s) • 8) H2CO3 (aq)  H2O (l) + CO2 (g) Double Replacement Synthesis Double Replacement Single Replacement Decomposition

  16. C H O Reactants 8 18 2 Products 1 2 3 C8H18(g) + O2 (g) CO2(g) + H2O (g) Balance Carbons C8H18(g) + O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + H2O (g) Balance Hydrogens C8H18(g) + O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 9H2O (g) Balance Oxygens C8H18(g) + 12.5 O2(g) 8 CO2(g) + 9 H2O (g) Double Everything 2 C8H18(g) + 25 O2(g) 16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O (g) Octane (C8H18) and oxygen gas (O2) combust Reactants 8 18 2 Products 8 2 17 Reactants 8 18 2 Products 8 1825 Reactants 8 18 25 Products 8 18 25

  17. Solid sodium reacts with aqueous silver nitrate in a single replacement reaction. Na (s) + AgNO3 (aq) Ag (s) + NaNO3(aq) Hey… it’s already balanced!

  18. Aqueous copper (II) chloride reacts with aqueous silver nitrate in a double replacement reaction. CuCl2(aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + Cu(OH)2 (s) CuCl2(aq) + 2NaOH (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + Cu(NO3)2 (s)

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