Introduction to Bioethics

1. Introduction to Bioethics

2. Key Concepts • Ethical questions are characterized by the following: • 1) involve words “ought” or “should” , implying a difficult decision must be made

3. Key Concepts • 2. There are several alternate solutions, none of which is without some challenging or problematic aspect • 3. They contain conflicting moral choices and dilemmas, and the underlying value of the people involved may clash • 4. They have no right or wrong answer that satisfies all parties, but better or worse answers based on well-reasoned justifications.

4. Key concepts: • It is important to gather as many facts as possible when making decisions about ethical questions • Ethical questions arise because of our social responsibilities to others in our community an because our behaviour is capable of influencing the welfare of others.

5. Vocabulary • Values: signify what is important and worthwhile. They serve as a basis for moral codes and ethical reflection. • Morals: are codes of conduct governing behaviour. They are values “put into practise” as actions. • Ethics: provide a systematic, rational way to work through dilemmas and to determine the best course of action in the face of conflicting choices

6. Video Clip • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oEtF8FdqpA • Sticky notes on large paper activity: • 1) what are your initial thoughts from video? Agree/disagree/other--explain • 2) How did your values influence your initial thoughts?What moral codes and ethical codes are there? • 3) Did you work through your thought process in a systematic way? If so how?

7. Personal Answers: • 1)How did your values influence your initial thoughts? • 2) How did your Morals: are codes of conduct governing behaviour. They are values “put into practise” as actions. • Ethics: provide a systematic, rational way to work through dilemmas and to determine the best course of action in the face of conflicting choices

8. Learning Outcomes • Identify the characteristics of an ethical question, and distinguish an ethical question from other types of questions • Recognize that reasoned judgment is valuable when making difficult decisions • Understand how facts contribute to decision making • Reason through a difficult ethical scenario

9. What is Bioethics • Ethics is a field of study that looks at the moral basis of human behavior ( “Why do we act as we do?”) and attempts to determine the best course of action in the face of conflicting choices (“How do we decide what to do when people disagree about a complex issue?”) IT is a key component of living within a society in a civilized way.

10. What is Bioethics • Bioethics is a subfield of ethics applied to the life of sciences. The discipline of bioethics helps us, as a society , make decisions about how best to use new scientific knowledge, how to make policy decisions regarding medicines or treatments, and how we would behave with each other. It explores ethical questions such as:

11. What is Bioethics • “How should we decide who receives organ transplants?” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SwYEFu-GKP4

12. What is Bioethics • Related to the previous question, should someone who has smoked be first on a list for a lung transplant? • --jot down your two sentence thoughts on this. • Think/Pair/Share

13. What is an Ethical Question? • They often involve the words “ought” or “should”, implying a difficult decision must be made • There are several alternate solutions, none of that is without some challenging or problematic aspect • They contain conflicting moral choices and dilemmas, and the underlying values of the people involved may clash • They have no right or wrong answer which satisfies all parties, but better or worse answers based on well-reasoned justifications http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nBu0GoMWBUY

14. What is an Ethical Question? • Start here Monday • Causes of lung cancer other than smoking: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMxj2KwJm88 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iNy71hU-Sh0 • Unrelated clip but interesting…. • On a new Cornell notes style, create a Pathogens page-we will keep this running. Create some notes on cystic fibrosis • Cystic Fibrosis: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jtCHvCygUtU • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6v5o9AzjH6Q • What is the ethical question regarding Jennifer’s story? • What do you think ought/should have happened • What are two alternative solutions—what is the problematic aspect? • What may some conflicting moral choices and dilemmas be? Are their clashing underlying values?

15. What is an Ethical Question? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10YeRT4Hd9s • Thoughts?

16. What is an Ethical Question? • Remember, not all questions with the word “should” are ethical questions. For example, “Should I bring my umbrella today?” does not meet the other criteria.

17. Types of Ethical Questions • 1) Legal Ethical Questions: questions ask what the law says about a particular issue. • 2) Scientific: questions can be explored through scientific inquiry and observation. They rely on empirical and measurable evidence. • 3)Religious/Cultural: questions ask what would be in line with a particular belief or practise, or the common practises of a particular culture. • 4)Personal Preference: questions relate directly to the speaker and are often modified by cultural bias.

18. Activity: • Use appendix B from Word Document: Unit 1 Bioethics • Match up scenario with the type of question • Review as a large group

19. Group Discussion • Based on what criteria can we conclude that it is indeed an ethical question?

20. Group Discussion • What type of question is the following: • “ who should be saved during a flu outbreak when there is not enough life-saving vaccine available for everybody?”

21. Pandemic Flu! • Read the Pandemic Flu handout and make your choices about the distribution of the vaccine. • Pay close attention to how they are making their decisions

22. Pandemic Flu! I need a volunteer to please create t table with two columns: Who should receive the vaccine How do you decide

23. Who should receive the flu vaccine? • This is a question that asks us to decide how best to share a scarce resource. This type of question can be applied to many topics, from organ donation allocation to natural resources. • In small groups, spend 5 minutes filling out the tables and discussing your answers. You do not need a consensus, but understand there is a difference in viewpoints/opinions

24. Who should receive the flu vaccine? • “who chose to give the vaccine to the doctor? Etc… • How ( on what basis) did you make your decisions to give the vaccine to a particular character. Ex) for those of you shoe chose to vaccinate the doctor, how did you decide? • Did anybody choose not, to vaccinate the teacher? How did you decide?

25. Who should receive the flu vaccine? • Discussion on the doctor….orphaned two year old….mother refusing treatment….

26. Common approaches • Save the youngest—maximizing life span for greatest number of people • Draw straws-values fairness • Save the weakest-considers special needs of vulnerable populations • Save the most useful-saving someone with special knowledge may save others and large numbers • Respect relationships—honoring dignity of human beings includes acknowledging their relationships

27. Common approaches • These approaches reflect societal standards or codes of conduct that we often rely on when faced with difficult decisions or ethical questions. WE will explore these in greater detail throughout the unit.

28. Need For Facts • It is important to examine the facts available, and asses what additional information is needed. In the pandemic flu scenario, you had very little information from which to make difficult decisions. In most cases, more information may be gained through research or study.

29. Need For Facts • What are the facts of this case?

30. What are the unknowns? Eventually a decision must be reached in the absence of a complete set of facts

31. Now….what if…. • The senior citizen is primary caretaker for eight of her grandchildren • The mother refusing treatment is in her 60s. The son is in his 40s. • The doctor is a podiatrist • The woman who thinks she is pregnant has been married to the orderly for about a year. They have no children.

32. Now….what if…. • Do these additional facts change your decision? • If you changed your decision, did the new decision still fit one of the approaches? Are their other common approaches that should be added?

33. In closure • Ethical questions arise whenever individuals, with their own values and moral codes, interact within a larger community and a decision must be made about conflicting choices

34. In closure • Science is a human enterprise that is conducted in a social context—science clearly has ethical implications. For example: • Should we allow embryos left over from in vitro fertilization clinics to be destroyed fro stem cells research, if they would otherwise be discarded? • Should human clinical trials be conducted in populations that may not be able to afford the final medication, even if that population benefits from the trial?

35. In closure • These are real world , complex, engaging ethical questions. • By learning how to recognize an ethical question, assess the facts, listen to different viewpoints, and make a reasoned judgment about a course of action, you gain experience in critical thinking, and grow in the understanding and respect for other points of view.

36. In closure • In your lifetime, you will be confronted with many ethical issues related to science—an understanding of bioethics and decision making will help you make well reasoned an informed choices.

37. Homework • Find a news article that highlights the larger societal and ethical implications of science. • You should identify and write down an ethical question pertaining to that news topic or issue, and be prepared to share it with the class OR: You may write down an ethical question you have faced in your own life. Do not expect to share these with the class.

38. Homework • Find a news article that highlights the larger societal and ethical implications of science. • You should identify and write down an ethical question pertaining to that news topic or issue, and be prepared to share it with the class OR: You may write down an ethical question you have faced in your own life. Do not expect to share these with the class.