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Situational Awareness: Enhancing Information Gathering, Sharing, and Coordination for Effective Emergency Response

This article explores the components of situational awareness, including information gathering and sharing, and discusses the importance of a reactive process in emergency situations. It highlights the various data sources and types that can contribute to situational awareness, as well as the challenges and solutions in communication and coordination.

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Situational Awareness: Enhancing Information Gathering, Sharing, and Coordination for Effective Emergency Response

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  1. Situational AwarenessFebruary 23, 2006Leslie Sokolow, Noel Williams, Ron McGaugh, Carla Rodriguez, Tom Reynolds, Regina Tan, Julia Gunn

  2. Components of Situational Awareness • Information gathering • Information sharing • Reactive process

  3. Information gathering: Data Types • Health • ED visits • 911 calls • Poison control • Death certificates • Veterinarian data • Laboratory results • Epi studies • Drop-in surveillance for special events (ie Katrina shelters) • I&Q – contact tracing • Environmental • Weather • Pollen • Air quality • Water quality measures • Other • Population profiles • Organization characteristics • Transportation (Cars, Rail, Air: Volume & Routing) • Infrastructure Data (Fire/Police Departments, Schools, Hospitals, Hotels, Laboratories) • Passenger Tracking

  4. Information gathering: Data Sources • Does another agency collect the information? • Can we partner? • Communication across data silos • What can we prepare pre-event – templates, MOUs, development of portals • Roles and responsibilities • What are the holes – what is missing and who has responsibility for developing solutions • Don’t waste time creating what already exits.

  5. Information sharing • With whom • Government • Public health, emergency management, law enforcement, military • Local • State • Federal • Others • Red Cross • THE MEDIA • At what level of detail • Aggregate data • Line listings • Pictures • Analytics • Dynamic mapping • Exportable data/results

  6. Reactive Process • Monitor the evolution of an “event” • Resource • Allocation • Redistribution • Planning (Before - During – After) • Control measures & process measures • Vaccination rate, shelter/hospital occupancy, medical deployment, evacuation plans • Inform decision makers • Everyone using the same information • Levels the playing field • Varies with agency roles and responsibilities

  7. Scenarios: Mass Casualty Incident • Disasters • Accidents: Plane crash, fires • Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes • Explosions • Radiation – Dirty Bomb • Chemical - Spills • Biological – BT, Influenza, Emerging Infectious Diseases • Defining MCI and levels of situational awareness • Public health vs emergency management vs others

  8. Electronic Communication • Interoperability • Open architecture • Data standards • Templates • Secure • Plug & play • Modular ie food history • Equipment – PDA’s, GPS • Backup systems • Number and location (off-site, extraregional) • System of last resort – paper and pencils • Real time? Issues related to data lags

  9. Communication • Common language • Data definitions • What does dead mean? Confirmed vs reported • Standard chief complaint/diagnosis • Who decides? • What is lost is translation? • Telecommunication infrastructure: • Phones: • Land, cell, satellite • Radios • Blackberries, pager, etc • WiFi

  10. Coordination • Federal State Local • Emergency management services • Information systems • Patient tracking: Bar coding; RFID • WEBEOC • Field health care sites ie DMAT • Dueling algorithms • Information requests to local/state public health first responders

  11. Time & Resource Constraints • IT Capacity • Epidemiology and Statistical • Analysis • Adjust baseline with population and health care utilization shift during an event • Proxy data? Is it valid? Other information? • Short baseline • Are there gaps – and who can help • Rural areas – Are their special needs? Funding • Culture of information sharing • Standard operating procedures • Short term vs Long term • What are issues? What needs more planning • What needs to be set up immediately for Panflu?

  12. Virtual social network • Forum for sharing lessons learned • “Lessons Learned Information Sharing (LLIS.gov) is the national network of Lessons Learned and Best Practices for emergency response providers and homeland security officials.” • Web clearinghouse for database, GIS, map layers, web resources • Sharing table top experience

  13. Gap Analysis • IT/Informatics/Surveillance table top • Local • State • Federal • Health sites – Can we leverage their IT/IS capacity • Others – Banking, Finance, Military, Law, EMS • National CIO • Advocating for national data standards across disciplines and jurisdictions • Public health responder training • Flexibility and expandable - BT to hurricane related injuries • Are we ready for mental health surveillance? • Are we ready for the unforeseeable?

  14. Can situational awareness compromise public trust ? • If yes – what are the safe guards?

  15. Will it happen?

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