Edible Legumes

1. Edible Legumes Introduction • Legume • Refers to plants that produce ___________ seeds in pods • Members of Family Fabaceae • Are in more than 600 genus and 13,000 species • Many also have a symbiotic relationship with ___________________ bacteria • Form nodules on their roots that can convert atmospheric ______________________ into a form that plants can use

2. Root nodules ________ root nodules ________ nodules

3. Legumes • Only 22 species are widely grown for human consumption • Includes • Lentils (Lens) • Beans (Phaseolus) • Broad beans (Vicia) • Soybeans (Glycine) • Peanuts (Arachis)

4. Legumes • Important part of human diet • Excellent source of _______________ when meat is not available, preferred, or allowed • Characteristics • Annual plants • _________________are contained in pods • Fix nitrogen • Some species are cool season, others are warm season plants

5. Peas (Pisum sativum var. sativum) • Native to eastern _______________ from Turkey eastwards to Syria, Iraq, Iran • Probably first cultivated in Turkey • Were grown as early as ____________ BC • One of the most ancient crops • Fresh peas first consumed in ________

6. Pea Plant characteristics • Cool season • Cold hardy • Plant when temperatures are above __________ F • Annual • Soil • Well-drained • Moderately fertile because excess _____________ causes large vines and few pods • Also poor nodulation

7. Peas • Have ____________ emergence • when the shoot breaks through the soil and the _______________ stay below ground

8. Types of peas • Dried peas • Not commonly grown in gardens • English pea (garden pea or sweet pea) • Grown for fresh (non-dry) seed • ___________ harvested when seeds fully form but before they ____________ and fade in color

9. Types of peas • Edible-pod pea (snow peas, sugar peas, Chinese peas) • Grown for _________ instead of _________ Pods are: • Brittle, succulent, tender, fiber-free • Picked when pods are __________ and peas just developing

10. Types of Peas • Snap pea • Both the seed and pod are __________ • Pick when seed and pods fully developed but seed not hard or pod not __________

11. Haricot Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) • History • Plant native to Central and South __________________ • Were cultivated over 7,000 years ago • Spread throughout the Americas by time Columbus arrived • __________________ and _________________ explorers spread throughout the world • Both pod and seed can be consumed

12. Haricot Beans Have epigeal emergence Emerges in the form of a hook with cotyledons pulled above the soil surface

13. Emergence Strategies

14. Haricot Beans • Characteristics • Most ____________ of all legumes in respect to shape of plant, _____ and ______ of pod, and color and shape of bean • Can be classified according to use

15. Haricot Beans • Fresh (snap) beans • Pods of most varieties can be eaten fresh before they reach ________________ • Also called ______________ beans or waxed beans • When buying fresh pods, look for: • Firm, crisp pods • Healthy green or yellow color • Free of blemishes • __________________ from around the break when pod is snapped in two

16. Haricot Beans • Fresh (snap) beans • Temperature • Love warmth • Weeding • Need to keep weeds down because snap beans have ______ root systems • Two types • Bush • Pole or climbing • Must be trellised

17. Haricot Beans • Fresh (Snap) beans • Soil and fertility • Respond to well-drained, friable ________ soils • Loam is a very balanced soil texture class • Respond to fertile soils • Are not efficient at _________ fixation • Harvesting • Pick when pods and their seeds are ________________

18. Haricot Beans • Mature (Dry bean) • Are harvested after the pods are mature and dried • They are __________ and the dry seed are cooked and consumed

19. Haricot Beans • Mature (dry beans) • Are a wide range of different types • Examples: white beans, _____________ beans, kidney beans, black beans, __________ beans • Harvesting • Harvest seed when fully mature and hard • __________ test to determine proper hardness • Should barely be able to dent the seed

20. Fava Beans • Broad bean or fava bean (Vicia faba) • Only ______ in diet of old world until 16th century • Characteristics • Named because of its broad, ____________ shape • Pods ~7 inches long • Contain 5 or 6 large beans

21. Fava Beans • Culture • Conditions favoring growth • _________ weather • ______ _____ growing tips when first pods form for higher yield • Harvesting • Harvested as ______ shell or dry beans

22. Lima Beans (Phaseolus limensis) • Native to Americas • Name came from the seed of the large type found by a sea captain in Lima Peru • Hard to ___________ • Types • Large seeded • called ____________ types • Originated in Peru • Small seeded • Called _______ limas • Cultivated by Native Americans in North America

23. Lima Beans • Environmental conditions • ____________-season crop • Requires 3 to 4 months of warm days and nights • Baby limas mature more rapidly and are better grown in Illinois • Soils • Avoid soils too rich in ______________ • Can cause lima beans to shed their blooms without setting pods • Include both bush and pole types